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    Ch-8 Mathematical Reasoning: Exercise 8.3 and 8.4 by Hiya, Anaya, Bhavya, Chandni

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    Anaya Joharapurkar
    The document summarizes key concepts about mathematical reasoning including: 1. Simple statements can't be broken down further while compound statements combine two or more simple statements using connectors like "and" or "or". 2. Conjunctions (statements combined with "and") are only true if both components are true. Disjunctions (combined with "or") are true if one or both components are true. 3. Negation of conjunctions is the disjunction of the negated components. Negation of disjunctions is the conjunction of the negated components. 4. Quantifiers like "there exists" and "for all" are used in mathematical statements.

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    Ch-8 Mathematical Reasoning: Exercise 8.3 and 8.4 by Hiya, Anaya, Bhavya, Chandni

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    Anaya Joharapurkar
    32 views20 pages
    The document summarizes key concepts about mathematical reasoning including: 1. Simple statements can't be broken down further while compound statements combine two or more simple statements using connectors like "and" or "or". 2. Conjunctions (statements combined with "and") are only true if both components are true. Disjunctions (combined with "or") are true if one or both components are true. 3. Negation of conjunctions is the disjunction of the negated components. Negation of disjunctions is the conjunction of the negated components. 4. Quantifiers like "there exists" and "for all" are used in mathematical statements.

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    Ex 8.3 and 8.4

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    The document summarizes key concepts about mathematical reasoning including: 1. Simple statements can't be broken down further while compound statements combine two or more simple statements using connectors like "and" or "or". 2. Conjunctions (statements combined with "and") are only true if both components are true. Disjunctions (combined with "or") are true if one or both components are true. 3. Negation of conjunctions is the disjunction of the negated components. Negation of disjunctions is the conjunction of the negated components. 4. Quantifiers like "there exists" and "for all" are used in mathematical statements.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    32 views20 pages

    Ch-8 Mathematical Reasoning: Exercise 8.3 and 8.4 by Hiya, Anaya, Bhavya, Chandni

    Uploaded by

    Anaya Joharapurkar
    The document summarizes key concepts about mathematical reasoning including: 1. Simple statements can't be broken down further while compound statements combine two or more simple statements using connectors like "and" or "or". 2. Conjunctions (statements combined with "and") are only true if both components are true. Disjunctions (combined with "or") are true if one or both components are true. 3. Negation of conjunctions is the disjunction of the negated components. Negation of disjunctions is the conjunction of the negated components. 4. Quantifiers like "there exists" and "for all" are used in mathematical statements.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Ch-8

    Mathematical
    Reasoning
    Exercise 8.3 and 8.4
    By Hiya, Anaya, Bhavya, Chandni
    Simple Statement Compound Statement

    • A statement which cannot be • A statement which can be formed


    broken into two or more by combining two or more simple
    statements. statements.
    • Example – New Delhi is the • Example – Amrita is a good singer
    capital of India. and dancer.
    Ex. 8.3:
    Q.1. Find the component statements of the following compound statements. Clearly
    mention the connecting word.

    • (i) Jack and Jill went up the hill.


    • Sol:
    p = Jack went up the hill.
    q = Jill went up the hill
    Connecting word is ‘and’.
    Ex. 8.3:
    Q.1. Find the component statements of the following compound statements. Clearly
    mention the connecting word.

    • (v) A rectangle is a quadrilateral or a 5-sided polygon.


    • Sol:
    p = A rectangle is a quadrilateral
    q = A rectangle is a 5-sided polygon.
    Connecting word is ‘or’.
    Q.2. Find the component statements of the following compound
    statements and check whether they are true or false:

    (i) All integers are positive or negative.


    Component statements:
    p: All integers are positive.
    q: All integers are negative.
    Connecting word is ‘or’.
    Both statements are false.
    Conjunction (p^q) – The connective ‘and’
    • If any two simple statements are combined by the word ‘and’ to form a
    compound statement, then the resulting statement is called the conjunction of
    the original statements.
    • Symbolically, the conjunction of the two statements p and q is denoted by
    p^q. The elements p and q are called its conjucts.
    • Example – If the statement ‘ Krishna is a boy’ is p and the statement ‘Radha
    is a girl’ is q, then p^q is ‘Krishna is a boy and Radha is a girl’.
    • p^q means the same as q^p.
    Conjunction (p^q) – The connective ‘and’
    • p^q is true only when both the component statements are true, otherwise it
    is false.
    • Example – The sun rises in the east and in the west.
    • Here the first statement is true while second is false.
    • Hence, this statement is not true.
    Disjunction (p v q) – The connective ‘or’
    • If any two simple statements are combined by the word ‘or’ to form a
    compound statement, then the resulting statement is called the disjunction
    of the original statement.
    • Symbolically, the conjunction of the two statements p and q is denoted by
    p v q. The elements p and q are called its conjucts.
    • Example :– p v q - He is very lucky or he is very smart.
    • p = He is very lucky / q = He is very smart.
    Disjunction (p v q) – The connective ‘or’
    • p v q is true when p is true or q is true or both p and q are true, otherwise
    p v q is false.
    • Example –
    • a) 4>5 or 5>7 – True
    • b) Mumbai is in India or Mumbai is in England. – True
    • c) 2*3 = 7 or 2+3=7 - False
    Negation of compound statements.

    Negation of Conjunctions Negation of Disjunctions


    • The negation of conjunction p^q • The negation of disjunction p v q
    is the disjunction of the negation is the conjunction of the negation
    of p and negation of q. of p and negation of q.
    • ~ ( p^q ) = ~ p v ~q • ~ (p v q ) = ~ p ^ ~q
    Negation of compound statements.

    Negation of Conjunctions Negation of Disjunctions


    • Paris in in France and London is in England. • Ram is in class 10 and Rahim is in class 12.
    • p = Paris in in France / q = London is in • p = Ram is in class 10 / q = Rahim is in
    England. class 12.
    • Conjunction, p^q = Paris in in France and • Disjunction, p v q = Ram is in class 10 and
    London is in England. Rahim is in class 12.
    • ~p = Paris is not in France. • ~p = Ram is not in class 10.
    • ~q = London is not in England. • ~q = Rahim is in class 12
    • Therefore, ~( p^q ) = Paris is not in France • Therefore, ~ (p v q) = Ram is not in class
    and London is not in England. 10 and Rahim is not in class 12.
    Quantifiers
    • Some phrases which are frequently found in mathematical statements are
    ‘there exists’ symbolised by ∃, and ‘for all’ symbolised by ∀ .
    • Such phrases are called quantifiers.
    • Example – There exists a rectangle whose all sides are equal.
    Exercise 8.4
    Q.1 Write the component statements of the following compound statements and
    check whether the compound statement is true or false:

    • (i) A line is straight and extends indefinitely in both directions.


    • p = A line is straight (true)
    • q = A line extends indefinitely in both directions. (true)
    • The compound statement is true.
    Exercise 8.4
    Q.2 Write the component statements of the following compound statements and
    check whether the compound statement is true or false:

    • (ii) 125 is a multiple of 7 and 8.


    • p = 125 is a multiple of 7.(False)
    • q = 125 is a multiple of 8.(False)
    • The compound statement is false.
    Exercise 8.4
    Q.3. Identify the type of ‘or’ (inclusive or exclusive) used in the
    following statements. Give reasons for your answer.

    • (i) To apply for a driving license, you should have a ration card or a
    passport.
    • The statement is inclusive because the options are not opposites and can
    exist together.
    • (iv) An ice-cream or pepsi is available with a thali in the restaurant.
    • The statement is exclusive because the options may exist only one at a
    time.
    Exercise 8.4
    Q.4. Translate the following statements into symbolic forms:

    • (i) Rahul passed in Hindi and English.


    • Sol: p^q where p: Rahul passed in Hindi ; q: Rahul passed in English.
    • (ii) Either x or x+1 is an odd integer.
    • Sol: p v q where p: x is an odd integer; q: x+1 is an odd integer.
    Exercise 8.4
    Q.5. Identify the quantifier in the following statements and write the negation of the
    statements.

    • (iii) For every real number x, x is less then x+1.


    • Sol: Quantifier: For every
    • Negation- There exists a real number x, such that x is not less than x+1.
    Exercise 8.4
    Q.6. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements:

    • (i) Earth is flat or it revolves round the moon. - False


    • P: Earth is flat.(false) Q: Earth revolves round the moon.(false)
    • (iii) 48 is a multiple of 6,7 and 8. - False
    • p: 48 is a multiple of 6.(true)
    • q: 48 is a multiple of 7.(false)
    • r: 48 is a multiple of 8.(true)
    Exercise 8.4
    Q.7. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements:

    • (i) 2+2 = 4 and 3+3 = 6 - True


    • p: 2+2 = 4 (true)
    • q: 3+3 = 6 (true)
    • (ii) It is false that birds can fly. - False
    Thank You!

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