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    Chapter 3 Advanced Philosophy

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    Misis Ada
    This document discusses epistemology and theories of knowledge. It introduces the objective theory of knowledge which asserts there is an external world that exists independently of our perceptions. It also discusses Aristotle's view of knowledge involving sense perceptions and the intellect identifying universals from particulars. The document outlines sources of knowledge such as customs, traditions, sense perceptions, intuition and reason. It notes philosophers aim to determine if true knowledge is possible and lists barriers to attaining knowledge such as adherence to authority, propaganda, prejudice, and fallacies in reasoning.

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    Chapter 3 Advanced Philosophy

    Uploaded by

    Misis Ada
    42 views7 pages
    This document discusses epistemology and theories of knowledge. It introduces the objective theory of knowledge which asserts there is an external world that exists independently of our perceptions. It also discusses Aristotle's view of knowledge involving sense perceptions and the intellect identifying universals from particulars. The document outlines sources of knowledge such as customs, traditions, sense perceptions, intuition and reason. It notes philosophers aim to determine if true knowledge is possible and lists barriers to attaining knowledge such as adherence to authority, propaganda, prejudice, and fallacies in reasoning.

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    Advanced Philosophy

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    Chapter-3-Advanced-Philosophy

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    This document discusses epistemology and theories of knowledge. It introduces the objective theory of knowledge which asserts there is an external world that exists independently of our perceptions. It also discusses Aristotle's view of knowledge involving sense perceptions and the intellect identifying universals from particulars. The document outlines sources of knowledge such as customs, traditions, sense perceptions, intuition and reason. It notes philosophers aim to determine if true knowledge is possible and lists barriers to attaining knowledge such as adherence to authority, propaganda, prejudice, and fallacies in reasoning.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    42 views7 pages

    Chapter 3 Advanced Philosophy

    Uploaded by

    Misis Ada
    This document discusses epistemology and theories of knowledge. It introduces the objective theory of knowledge which asserts there is an external world that exists independently of our perceptions. It also discusses Aristotle's view of knowledge involving sense perceptions and the intellect identifying universals from particulars. The document outlines sources of knowledge such as customs, traditions, sense perceptions, intuition and reason. It notes philosophers aim to determine if true knowledge is possible and lists barriers to attaining knowledge such as adherence to authority, propaganda, prejudice, and fallacies in reasoning.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Chapter 3 – THE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE

    Epistemology as a branch of philosophy that


    investigates the origin, nature and methods and limits of
    human knowledge cannot be overemphasized.
    Some Questions maybe Asked:
    How did we come to know something?
    How certain are we that we know is true?
    Did we use reliable instruments to test and determine
    the truth and falsity of what we know?
    • Philosophers are concerned with determining the basis of
    all knowledge and to agree upon standards and criteria for
    judging the veracity of such claims.
    • There was a time when men believed that the earth was
    flat. This belief which was once believed as true is now
    rejected by the same people who found it without any
    basis at all.
    • An intelligent man is one who is not satisfied with mere
    beliefs and opinions handed down by his society.
    • It is necessary to carefully and exhaustive examination of
    facts that we accept the truth about our world.
    • THEORIES OF KNOWLEDGE
    A theory is a coherent group of general prepositions used as
    principles of explanation for a class of phenomena that serves as a
    basis of argument or experimentation by which the truth is
    established.
    1. The Objective Theory
    This theory asserts that there is a world outside ourselves which
    exists. This outer world has qualities of its own. John Locke refers
    this as a “copy theory” or “representative realism”.
    Our sense experiences and reflections are characterized by our
    awareness of something which may be outside or beyond.
    • There are 5 Senses, each of which is appropriate to the actual,
    sensible forms of objects in the sensing process. Relative to each,
    sense, sensation and the sensible are the same in form.
    • Sensation is always true, though what imagination creates may
    often be false. Because sensation are always true, knowledge
    based on true sensation is always true as well.
    • 2. Conception and the Conceivable
    The knowing of universal forms which are expressed in class
    concepts and completed in the intellect by way of memory.
    According to Aristotle, repeated memories of the same thing
    give rise to experience.
    • The dual process of knowing begins in sense impressions upon a
    blank mind and ends with a group of universals. Human beings
    possesses two (2) intellects: the PASSIVE which records particular
    sensations, and the ACTIVE which identifies the universal in
    particular sensations.
    • Aristotle analyzes two kinds of certain knowledge
    1. scientific knowledge – provide facts
    2. intuitive knowledge – scientific knowledge of facts and
    particulars occurs.
    OTHER SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE:
    Customs and Traditions
    Sense Perceptions
    Intuition Authority Reason
    THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE
    Philosophers have been concerned with finding out if we can
    really “know” anything in the sense of possessing information that
    is open to questions.
    • BARRIERS IN ATTAINING KNOWLEDGE
    1. Blind adherence to authority
    2. Propaganda
    3. Prejudice
    4. Fallacies in Reasoning
    5. Contextual Fallacies
    6. Material Fallacies
    Fallacies are really deceptive. Misleading and unsound argument
    that render reasoning illogical.

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