Cluster Optimization Analysis: Security Level: Internal

Security Level: Internal
Cluster Optimization Analysis
Alex
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Agenda
• Methodology and Procedures
• Radio Network Audit
• Drive Test
• DT Analysis
• Recommendations
Cluster Optimization in RNO
• Cluster Commercial Launch Mode
75% 90%
Accept
Project Nomin Detail Cluster Cluster Project
ance
Start al Plan Plan Optimi Optimi End
Report
zation zation
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

Workflow

Tools for Cluster Optimization
Parameter Route Traffic Traffic
Drive Test
Audit Planning Recording Recording
OSS
LMT/Nastar/E Genex STS
MapInfo Recording
xcel Probe M2000/Nastar
MR/Signaling
Network Measurement
Information Data
Analysis
Genex Genex Genex Genex

U-net Probe Assistant Nastar
Signaling
Other
LMT MapInfo Analysis
Tools
Tool
Technical
Report

Procedure

Agenda
• Drive Test
• DT Analysis
• Recommendations
Radio Network Audit
• Site running status
 Alarm (solve important alarms)
 Activated or not
 All Cell/TRX/Channels Un-locked
 Idle Timeslot Test is closed
• Cell Parameter Audit
 Cell Planning Data (BCCH, BSIC, LAC, TCH, MAIO, HSN, MA)
 Neighbors
 Cell Optimization Data (Basic, Idle, Call control, HO, PC,
Channel allocation, TRX)
• Engineering Parameter Audit
 Azimuth, down tilt, height
 Antenna installation quality Change the inconsistent before DT !!!

Agenda
• Drive Test
• DT Analysis
• Recommendations
Drive Test
• Establish DT Methodology
 Requirement: Indoor or outdoor
 Tool Setup: Tool, Digital Map, FTP Server, APN, SIM
 Test Method: Idle, Long Call, Short Call, PS, MOS
 DT Route Planning
 Report Template
Some tips make your DT
professional and easier to analyze:
• Carry out DT
1. Rules test mode for different MS.
 Before DT Test
 During DT Test 2. Rules how to name a log file
 After DT Test 3. Divide log file properly in test.

4. Draw and load route for testing.

Agenda
• Drive Test
• DT Analysis
• Recommendations
Cluster DT Analysis

Network Snapshot(1)
• CI Plot

Network Snapshot(2)
• Downlink Coverage
RxLevSub Distribution
60 100%
90%
50
80%
70%
40
60%
30 50%
#
40%
20
30%
20%
10
10%
0 0%
-110 -106 -102 -98 -94 -90 -86 -82 -78 -74 -70 -66 -62 -58 -54 -50 -46 -42
dBm

Network Snapshot(3)
• Downlink Quality
RxQualSub Distribution
600 100%
90%
500
80%
70%
400
60%
300 50%
#
40%
200
30%
20%
100
10%
0 0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
RxQual
RxQuality 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Non-FH Good Good Good Good Fair Fair Poor Poor
FH Good Good Good Good Good Fair Poor Poor

Network Snapshot(4)
• RxLev & RxQual

Network Snapshot(5)
• TA & RxLev
TA Distribution
400 100%
350 90%
80%
300
70%
250 60%
200 50%
#
150 40%
30%
100
20%
50 10%
0 0%
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63
TA

Network Snapshot(6)
• Cell Level Tables

Network Snapshot(7)
• Output
 What is the important RF issue in this area?
 What are the worst cells?
Figure out Top3 problems before deep analysis!!!

Coverage Issues
Network Coverage is evaluated by:
RxLev = EIRP(dBm) – L(dB)
Where:
EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
L = Propagation Losses
EIRP(dBm)
L(dB)
RxLev(dBm)
Unexpected coverage
Good coverage (overshooting)
In urban area, Lower Antenna Height (<=25m), Greater downtilt (>=6 degree), and
Lower EIRP are used to control overshooting & interference.

Coverage Hole
Legend
RxLevel
Poor Coverage
Bad Call
Areas RxQuality Drop
RxQuality
 RxLevel(Serving Cell) is about (or less than) -95 dBm
 RxLevel(Neighbours) are about (or less than) -95 dBm

Sudden Decrease on Signal Level
 RxLev(Serving Cell and

Neighbors) decrease in a
short time.
 Check if there is big

change of testing
environment, e.g. check
if the test was performed
on a highway and that
particular area was a
tunnel or not.
 Signal level on the chart

will make a curve rather
than unstable changes.
 This usually results in

Ping Pong Handovers

Line of Sight Lost
Signal Strength of Serving cell make fast up and down due to RxQuality goes
far away server being blocked by obstacles from the terrain. worse when the
The other way, signal from the server lose line of sight(LOS) level drops down
to the mobile because of a hill of something. fast

Poor coverage analysis

Lack of Dominant Server
 Signal Level of more

than one cell (Serving
Cell and Neighbors)
are not high enough.
 This might happen

because the MS is
located on the cell
borders and there is
no any best server to
keep the call.
 Lack of Dominant
Server Causes too
many Handovers
Between the same
Cells

Coverage Overlapping
 Signal Level of 3–4
cells are too closed
to each other.
 This might point

overlapping cells.
 This will cause

quality problems
because of
frequency reuse
 Immediate action to
optimize cell
coverage should be
taken by by power
reductions, downtilts
or other
configuration
changes.

Overshooting
 MS is covered by the
serving cell, but is
outside the cell
 BSC thinks that it is
neighbour cell A and Serving
Other cell B
makes a handover to cell
BSIC 1
cell A
Freq. A
 The MS is not near BTS
cell A so the
assigned TCH for the
handover is not used
 Cell A will have Coverage spot
unused TCH Neighbour cell A (island effect)
(handover) BSIC 1
 The call might be Freq. A
dropped because it
cannot make the
handover

Solution to improper coverage
Possible solution can be listed as below:
 Site Configuration Change (Antenna Type, height, azimuth, tilt changes)
 Cell Configuration Change (Carrier Power Type, Static TRX Power Class, Fine
Tuning of Static TRX Power…)
Proposal Remark How to do

Height Difficult, high cost
Type Difficult, high cost Using prediction tool(U-net) to identify the
Antenna
Azimuth Easy to operate recommmended height, type, azimuth or
Downtilt Easy to operate downtilt of sector.
Easy to operate, but with Referring to Data Configuration Reference
Parameter Output Power related risk of coverage reduction Help

Antenna Tuning(1)
• Down-tilt

Antenna Tuning(2)
• Down tilt() = VBW/2 + Arctng(H/R)

Down tilt ()
Height (H)
-3 dB points
Main lobe
Cell Range (R)

Antenna Tuning(3)
KATHREIN

Antenna Tuning(4)
• Electrical tilt versus mechanical tilt

Antenna Tuning(5)
• Safety margin for horizontal BW
Safety Margin
15 Degrees
Azimuth (main lobe)
Building
Half Power BW

Antenna Tuning(6)
• Safety margin for V.BW

Antenna Tuning(7)
• U-Net or ASSET

Quality Issue
Signal Quality
expected signals carrier (C )
sum of all unexpected signal = interference (I)
atmospheric
expected signal noise
other signals

RxQuality (BER)
RX Quality ---> RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7
RXQUAL Mean BER BER range

class (%) from... to
0 0.14 < 0.2%
good 1 0.28 0.2 ... 0.4 %
usable signal 2 0.57 0.4 ... 0.8 %
3 1.13 0.8 ... 1.6 %
acceptable 4 2.26 1.6 ... 3.2 %
5 4.53 3.2 ... 6.4 %
unusable 6 9.05 6.4 ... 12.8 %
signal 7 18.1 > 12.8 %

Bad RxQuality(1)

Bad RxQuality(2)
Site
Reflecting object
MS
Time dispersion is caused by the reflections. if the time delay is more than
15 ms (i.e., 4 bits or approximately 4.4 km), there is a larger probability to
decode the information. So the RxQuality will be very bad perhaps.

Uplink Interference

Bad quality analysis

Handover Issue
Uplink MR (Measured by BTS)

•RXLEV Uplink
•RXQUAL Uplink
•TA
el
DoNeighbor Cell_1 Le
v •Current BTS TX power
w
(Ne nlin
igh k R Rx
k
bo x in
rs) Leve nl r) d
l w e an
DoServingv
Neighbor m Cell2
m Cell
er HO
(S o l co
c
e ve m  MS in dedicated mode
H O L m
Rx MR an
d will continuously perform
k
lin ink measurements on serving
Serving Cell
Neighbor Cell2 Up w n l
and neighbor cells.
o
c ceDss
u
ov er S Measurement Reports
nd
Ha are sent to BSC and used
in the handover algorithm.
Downlink MR (Measured by MS)
•Downlink RXLEV(Sever)
BSC
 Serving BSC decides
•Downlink RXQUAL(Sever)
whether a handover is
•RXLEV_NCELL(n) on the 6 best
neighboring cells (+BSIC) necessary and send HO
command

Handover signaling on Um(TEMS Message)
Tell MS how to access

to Target TCH Channel
Target cell Description

Target channel Description
BCCH of Neighbors
to beServing Cell:
measuredChannel Type, Timeslot
TSC
DL DTX is ON
RF hopping
RxLev(sub) is -109+ 62 =--49dBm
MAIO,isHSN
RxQual (sub) 0
Handover Complete ≠ Handover Success!!!

The RxLev
of
Only after SABM & UA in
Layer2 Message,
Neighbors
handover success! Inter cell Synchronous
Handover
Speech version: EFR

Handover Types(Algorithm)
OM Forced HO
 In DT, the most common
handover types happens in
following order of priority Directed Retry
 TA TA Emergency HO Edge HO
 RxQuality
 RxLevel Bad Quality HO Layer HO
 PBGT
 OL&UL
Rapid Level Drop HO PBGT HO
Interference HO Fast Moving MS HO

HO
Load HO Overlay/Underly HO

PBGT Handover
 PBGT HO Exp: Serving Target
Cell Cell
When:
RXLEV_NCELL(n) – (RXLEVEL+
PWR_DIFF) > HO_MARGIN
HO_MARGIN > 0
MS is handed over to the RXLEV_NCELL(n)
neighboring cell .
RX LEVEL + PWR_DIFF
 HO_MARGIN is usually set to 3 to
6 dB. PBGT HO Power-budget
 HO_MARGIN could be increased Distance

to reduce number of handovers.
HO_MARGIN should be
decreased if faster handover
decision is wanted.
 PBGT Handover is considered as

most healthy handover in a
network. A typical PBGT HO

Quality Handover
Quality Handover Exp:

When:
DL RxQuality >= DL Quality HO
Threshold
handover caused by DL
RxQuality takes place.
When:
UL RxQuality >= UL Quality HO
Threshold
handover caused by UL
 DL&UL Quality HO
Thresholds are generally
set to 6.
Handover was performed to a better quality
UL Quality HO can’t be cell just after experiencing quality problems.
monitored in DT.

EDGE Handover
Edge Handover Exp:

When:
DL RxLevel < Edge HO DL
RX_LEV Threshold
handover caused by DL
RxLevel takes place.
When:
UL RxLevel < Edge HO UL
RX_LEV Threshold
handover caused by UL
UL EDGE handover can’t be

monitored in DT.
Handover was performed to the cell with
higher downlink Rxlev.

Intracell Handover Based on Interference
 The Intra–cell Handover

feature aims to maintain
good quality by performing
a handover to a new
channel within the same
cell when uplink or
downlink interference is
detected.
 Interference is defined by
bad RxQual and high
enough RxLEV.
 Intracell HO also can be

triggered by:
• Rate change between Full rate
and Half rate
• Handover between overlaid and
underlaid subcell. An example of intracell handover after
experiencing quality problems.

Other types of handover
Other types of handover are not easy to judge or not easy to

encounter in DT test, for example :
TA handover
 Directed Retry
 Load handover
 Rapid Level Drop HO
 Fast Moving MS HO
For analysis of different types of handover or handover caused by

uplink, it is recommended by traffic analysis or single-user signaling
tracing.

Dragged Handover
There will be such cases that you will notice handover process taking
place a little late, which is called dragged handover.
 First thing to check will be handover

margins between the neighbors. If
margins for level, quality or power
budget handovers are not set
correctly, If margins are too much,
handover will happen late, vice
versa. A Quality handover
should happen earlier
 Dragged handover events often

occur after a GSM serving cell loses
dominance for a significant time
period.
Dragged Handover often cause Call

Drop or Handover Failure.

Power Control Effect
 Power Control Effect sometimes

may mislead us, you might think
that handover is happening too
Power control
late between two neighbors.
 When the call is continuing on a

timeslot that belongs to
TCHTRX, power control feature
will try to reduce output power
as much as possible until a
quality problem occurs. That’s
why you will see serving cell
signal level is less than
neighbor’s level. It looks less
but in reality, the signal level on
BCCH TRX is still higher than
neighbors broadcasting level.

Ping-pong Handover
Ping-pong handovers occur when the MS is handed over from one cell to
another but is quickly handed back to the original cell.
 The shot shows two ping-

pong handovers displayed on
the map along with the
Servering CI attribute. The
first ping-pong handover is
from cell 12424 to cell 12368
and back and the second is
from cell 12424 to cell 12366
and back. Changes in the
value of the CI is shown below
the route. It can be clearly Ping-pong HO
visualized by lines to cells
display.
 For most cases, Ping-pong Handover is caused by no dominant cell. There was a
handover back to cell 12366 after the second ping-pong handover, but this was
outside of the defined window. The change in dominance after the handover was
9dB, which represents a much healthier handover.

Missing Neighbor Relation
If a handoff is not performed to a neighbor cell that seems to be best
server, there is a possibility of a missing neighbor relation. This will
happen with sudden appearance of strong cell in the neighbor list
just after a handover.
 The shot shows after

second handover in the
red box, a much
stronger Serving Cell
appears.
 At this time Neighbor

audit should be
performed.

Fake Neighbor Relation
 Sometimes you will see a

good handover candidate in
the neighbor list but
handover will not take place
and call will drop.
 Although that neighboring

cell with a very good signal
level appears to be a
neighbor, in reality it is not.
Just because the serving cell
has another neighbor with the
same BCCH, this cell appears
in the list.

Handover Failure
Handover Failure: Handover attempt was failed and the call returned back
to its all channel.
Target Cell is
 BCCH is 13
 BSIC is 65
Target channel is
 900M RF hopping Channel.
Handover Failure
 Half Rate
 MA list is 1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24
 MAIOThe
is 4,handover has not
HSN is 31,
successfully
 TSC is 5. completed yet!
 Channel mode is AMR(SV3)
Handover Failure is
Another example: Excessive
caused by T200ofExpired
Number Handover
Failure due to Hardware Problem

Handover Issue Analysis

Event Analysis-Access

Event Analysis-Call Drop

Agenda
• Drive Test
• DT Analysis
• Recommendations
Root Problems\Solutions 1/5
• Weak quality
 High RxQual
 Improve signal level
 Remove interference
 Balance the load
 Improve dominant server
• Poor coverage
 Rxlevel lower than target
 Antenna adjustment; tilt, height, azimuth
 Add new sectors
 Add repeater or micro cell
 Introduce IBS (DAS, repeater, leaky cable)
 Increase TRX power
• Interference
 Low C/I
 Antenna adjustment, power reduction for overlap\overshooting cells
 Revise frequencies
 Proper server design; neighbor modification
 Use frequency hopping, AMR
 Proper BSIC, HSN, MAIO design
 Use DTX and power control

• Overlapping
 Bigger service area
 TRX power adjustment
• Overshooting
 Excessive coverage; poor design of site
 Revise neighbor relations
 Relocate\revise high sites
 Layer revision
 Load balance
• Antenna blockage
 Signal is blocked by nearby obstacle
 Revise location or azimuth of blocked sectors
 Increase antenna height (marinating minimum overshooting)
 Modification of antenna place on tower
 Consider safety margins for vertical and horizontal BWs

• Capacity Limitation
 Not enough TRX\TCH\SDCCH\PDCH
 TRX expansion
 Activation of HR,AMR, dynamic SDCCH
 Load sharing to neighboring cells
 Idle mode control
 Add sectors
 New sites (macro\micro)
• Imbalanced traffic
 High\low load on cells in one area
 Load HO activation
 Idle mode control; C2 and CBQ
 Change PBGT threshold

• Lack of new sectors

 Design new sectors before going to new sites
 Design new cell and revise existing cells
• Lack of new sites
 Design new sites (macro\micro\repeater\indoor)
 Macro site to give coverage\capacity to bigger areas
 Micro cells to improve capacity\quality in hot spots
 Indoor sites to improve coverage\capacity\quality
• Database discrepancies
 Different BSC\ MSC and RNP databases, wrong configuration
 Daily\weekly comparison of databases
• Unbalanced link
 Link budget calculation in design of site
 Study link budget for existing and new sites
 Provide balanced path for up\down links

• High Paging\Location Update

 Poor design of LAC borders
 Revise LAC border not overlapping on highways\crowded streets
 Balance paging and location update
 Introduce new LACs to improve to reduce paging load
• Non RNP issue
 Transmission, hardware, BSC overload
 Daily monitoring alarms, faulty TRXs\combiners, etc.
 Proper design of number of BSCs and its capacity
 Defining thresholds to add new BSC before overloading

Thank you
www.huawei.com

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What methodology is used for cluster optimization?

What methodology is used for cluster optimization?

What tools are used for cluster optimization?

What tools are used for cluster optimization?

Security Level: Internal

Cluster Optimization Analysis

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

• Cluster Commercial Launch Mode

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

Genex Genex Genex Genex

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 After DT Test 3. Divide log file properly in test.

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• RxLev & RxQual

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 16

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• Cell Level Tables

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 18

Figure out Top3 problems before deep analysis!!!

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 19

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 RxLevel(Serving Cell) is about (or less than) -95 dBm

 RxLevel(Neighbours) are about (or less than) -95 dBm

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 21

 RxLev(Serving Cell and

 Check if there is big

 Signal level on the chart

 This usually results in

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 Signal Level of more

 This might happen

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 This might point

 This will cause

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Proposal Remark How to do

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Cell Range (R)

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Azimuth (main lobe)

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RX Quality ---> RXQUAL class : 0 ... 7

RXQUAL Mean BER BER range