13.

1 The Nature of Gases >

Chapter 13
States of Matter

13.1 The Nature of Gases

13.2 The Nature of Liquids

13.3 The Nature of Solids
13.4 Changes of State

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > I CAN ….
Describe the kinetic theory of gases
Describe gas pressure and how it is
measured
Ex[plain the meaning of standard
temperature and pressure or STP
Define molar volume of a gas and how
it relates to STP
Convert between Kelvin (K) and
Celsius (C0) temperature scales

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > CHEMISTRY & YOU

Daily Question
What factors most strongly affect the
weather?

The atmosphere is a
gas, and the factors
that determine the
behavior of gases—
temperature and
pressure—affect the
weather in the
atmosphere.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory and a Model
for Gases

Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases

What are the three assumptions of
the kinetic theory as it applies to
gases?

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory and a Model
for Gases

The word kinetic refers to motion.

• The energy an object has because of its
motion is called kinetic energy.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory and a Model
for Gases

The word kinetic refers to motion.

• The energy an object has because of its
motion is called kinetic energy.
• According to the kinetic theory, all matter
consists of tiny particles that are in constant
motion.
• The particles in a gas are usually molecules
or atoms.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory and a Model
for Gases

The kinetic theory as it applies to gases

includes the following fundamental
assumptions about gases.
The particles in a gas are considered to be
small, hard spheres with an insignificant
volume.
– Within a gas, the particles are relatively far apart
compared with the distance between particles in a
liquid or solid.
– Between the particles, there is empty space.
– No attractive or repulsive forces exist between gas
particles.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory and a Model
for Gases

The kinetic theory as it applies to gases

includes the following fundamental
assumptions about gases.
The motion of particles
in a gas is rapid,
constant, and random. Bromine
molecule

– Gases fill their containers

regardless of the shape and
volume of the containers.
– An uncontained gas can spread
out into space without limit.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory and a Model
for Gases

The kinetic theory as it applies to gases

includes the following fundamental
assumptions about gases.
The motion of particles
in a gas is rapid,
constant, and random.
– The rapid, constant motion of
particles in a gas causes
them to collide with one
another and with the walls of
their container.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory and a Model
for Gases

The kinetic theory as it applies to gases

includes the following fundamental
assumptions about gases.
The motion of particles
in a gas is rapid,
constant, and random.
– The particles travel in straight-
line paths until they collide with
another particle.
– The particles change direction only
when they rebound from collisions.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory and a Model
for Gases

The kinetic theory as it applies to gases

includes the following fundamental
assumptions about gases.
All collisions between particles in a gas are
perfectly elastic.
– During an elastic collision, kinetic energy is
transferred without loss from one particle to another.
– The total kinetic energy remains constant.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases >

Describe an elastic collision between

gas molecules.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases >

Describe an elastic collision between

gas molecules.
An elastic collision is one in which kinetic
energy is transferred from one particle to
another with no overall loss of kinetic
energy.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Theory Review

What are the 3 parts of the kinetic theory?

Tiny particles insignificant volume
Rapid, random, constant motion
Collisions perfectly elastic- no loss of KE

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Gas Pressure

Gas Pressure
How does kinetic theory explain
gas pressure?

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Gas Pressure

Gas pressure results from the force

exerted by a gas per unit surface area of
an object.
• Moving bodies exert a force when they collide
with other bodies.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Gas Pressure

Gas pressure is the result of billions of

rapidly moving particles in a gas
simultaneously colliding with an object.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Gas Pressure

Gas pressure is the result of billions of

rapidly moving particles in a gas
simultaneously colliding with an object.
• If no particles are present, no collisions can
occur. Consequently, there is no pressure.
• An empty space with no particles and no
pressure is called a vacuum.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Gas Pressure

Air exerts pressure on Earth because

gravity holds the particles in air within
Earth’s atmosphere.
• The collisions of atoms and molecules in air with
objects results in atmospheric pressure.
• Atmospheric pressure decreases as you climb a
mountain because the density of Earth’s atmosphere
decreases as the elevation increases.
• Fewer air particles means fewer collisions resulting in
lower air pressure

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Gas Pressure

A barometer is a device that is used to

measure atmospheric pressure.
• At sea level, air exerts Vacuum

enough pressure to
support a 760-mm column
Atmospheric
of mercury. 760 mm Hg
(barometric
pressure
pressure)
• On top of Mount Everest, 253 mm Hg

at 9000 m, the air exerts

only enough pressure to
support a 253-mm column
of mercury. Sea level On top of Mount
Everest
• WHY?
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13.1 The Nature of Gases > CHEMISTRY & YOU

When weather forecasters state that a low-

pressure system is moving into your region,
it usually means that a storm is coming.
What do you think happens to the column of
mercury in a barometer as a storm
approaches? Why?

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > CHEMISTRY & YOU

When weather forecasters state that a low-

pressure system is moving into your region,
it usually means that a storm is coming.
What do you think happens to the column of
mercury in a barometer as a storm
approaches? Why?

When a storm approaches, the column of

mercury goes down, indicating a decrease in
atmospheric pressure.

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Gas Pressure

The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa).

• Normal atmospheric pressure is about
100,000 Pa, that is, 100 kilopascals (kPa).
• Other units of pressure are commonly used.

– millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

– atmospheres (atm)
– torr (Torr) is defined as exactly 1/760 of a standard
atomosphere

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > The Mole-Volume
Relationship

Avogadro’s Hypothesis
Avogadro’s hypothesis states that
equal volumes of gases at the
same temperature and pressure
contain equal numbers of particles.

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.
13.1 The Nature of Gases >

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > The Mole-Volume
Relationship

Avogadro’s Hypothesis
The volume of a gas varies with a change
in temperature or a change in pressure.
• Due to these variations with temperature and
pressure, the volume of a gas is usually
measured at standard temperature and
pressure.
• Standard temperature and pressure (STP)
means a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of
101.3 kPa, or 1 atmosphere (atm).
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.
13.1 The Nature of Gases > The Mole-Volume
Relationship

Avogadro’s Hypothesis
At STP, 1 mol, or 6.02 × 1023
representative particles, of any gas
occupies a volume of 22.4 L.

• The quantity, 22.4 L, is called the

molar volume of a gas.

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.
13.1 The Nature of Gases > Gas Pressure

One standard atmosphere (atm) is the

pressure required to support 760 mm of
mercury in a mercury barometer at 25°C.
• The numerical relationship among the pressure
units is
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 Torr = 101.3 kPa.
• Recall that standard temperature and pressure
(STP) are defined as a temperature of 0°C and a
pressure of 101.3 kPa, or 1 atm.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases >

What is the pressure in millimeters of

mercury inside a vacuum?

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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Energy and
Temperature

Average Kinetic Energy

The average kinetic energy of the
particles in a substance is directly related
to the substance’s temperature.
• An increase in the average kinetic energy of
the particles causes the temperature of a
substance to rise.
• As a substance cools, the particles tend to
move more slowly, and their average kinetic
energy decreases.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Energy and
Temperature

Average Kinetic Energy

Absolute zero (0 K, or –273.15oC) is the
temperature at which the motion of
particles theoretically ceases.
• No temperature can be lower than absolute
zero.
• Absolute zero has never been produced in
the laboratory.
– A near-zero temperature of about 0.000 000 000 1 K,
which is 0.1 nanokelvin, has been achieved.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases > Kinetic Energy and
Temperature

Average Kinetic Energy

The coldest temperatures recorded
outside the laboratory are from space.
• Astronomers used a
radio telescope to
measure the
temperature of the
boomerang nebula.
• At about 1 K, it is
the coldest known
region of space.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases >

Celsius – Kelvin temperature conversions

273K = 0 C0 or
285 K = ? C0
12

K = 285 C0
518

322 K = ? C0
43

? K = 222 C0
495

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13.1 The Nature of Gases >

What is the result of increasing the

temperature of a gas sample?
A. A decrease in the average kinetic
energy of the sample
B. No effect on the sample
C. An increase in the average kinetic
energy of the sample
D. The particles slow down.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases >

What is the result of increasing the

temperature of a gas sample?
A. A decrease in the average kinetic
energy of the sample
B. No effect on the sample
C. An increase in the average kinetic
energy of the sample
D. The particles slow down.
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13.1 The Nature of Gases >

END OF 13.1

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