Fair Testing Practices-Miraclyn

FAIR TESTING
PRACTICES
DEFINITION
 The responsibility of the test user to take whatever measures are possible to minimize bias in testing for particular
groups.
 It must be seriously considered whether an assessment is fair for the clients and what extraneous variables might
influence their scores.
 Sources of bias should be identified and eliminated, where feasible, so that they do not alter the meaning of scores
obtained by our clients.
 Three specific instances of fair testing practices are considered:
Culture
Seniors and,
People with disabilities.

LOEWENSTEIN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT (LOTCA)
 The Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) was developed in

1974 at the Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital, Israel.
 Cognitive battery that measures basic cognitive skills required for everyday function
including orientation, visual perceptual and psychomotor abilities, problem solving
skills and thinking operations.
 Typically used in the initial phase of patient assessment but can also be used to
establish therapeutic goals and to review cognitive status over time
LOTCA…
 The LOTCA battery is divided into four areas: orientation; perception; visuomotor organization;
and thinking operation.
 It contains 20 subtests including the Risk Object Classification which was added to enhance the
evaluation of the categorization operation.
 The different versions of the instrument include LOTCA, LOTCA II, and LOTCA-G.
 LOTCA-G is specifically designed to assess cognitive functions of the elderly population.
 The LOTCA-G differs with the original LOTCA as it has 23 subtests in six cognitive areas:
orientation, perception, praxis, visuo-motor organization, thinking operation, and memoy.
CULTURALLY FAIR EVALUATION
 Occupational therapists may be required to assess an individual whose first language

is not the official language of the country.
 There are two main issues here: --The influence of a native language other than
English on interpretation of and response to test items and,
--The influence of cultural expectations, behaviors,
and values on test performance.
 Language can significantly confound the results that are obtained on an assessment.
 When the assessment requires a verbal response or when the test items contain a
substantial verbal component, the test may measure language ability more than the
underlying construct .
 The intelligibility of the test items and instructions for individuals whose first
language is not English must be determined
FAIR TESTING OF LOTCA-G IN MALAY
 When the consent was received by the principal author, the original version of LOTCA-G
was then translated by a Malay language expert and an experienced occupational
therapist.
 The translation process was based on the stipulations in U.S. Census Bureau Guidelines: two
forward and backward translations were carried out by an experienced occupational
therapist and a language expert.
 Two bilingual experts from the Academy of Language Studies and the Occupational
Therapy Department of a local university were appointed to carry out the forward
translation.
 The translation was approved after a period of discussion among the author and both
experts.
 The backward translation was done by another bilingual expert from the Faculty of
Information Management, Malaysia and a senior occupational therapist.
 The backward translation was then sent to Dr. Noomi Katz in Israel for her
verification as requested by her.
EVALUATION OF THE RELEVANCE AND
TEST CONTENT OF M-LOTCA-G
 Three occupational therapists with 7 to 20 years of experience working with geriatric

cases volunteered to participate as members of the expert review panel.
 The members rated the 23 items by using a five-point Likert scale with 1
representing strongly disagree and 5 representing strongly agree.
 The expert panels reviewed 23 items considering the fluency, clearness, and the
semantic meaning of words and sentences.
 The expert panel concluded that the four seasons in the original version could be
changed to two seasons, as there is either the dry season or the rainy season in
Malaysia .
 Otherwise, the contents of the subtests did not require further modifications.
 Minor inconsistencies in the direct, literal translations of the instructions were
resolved by discussion between the translators and panel.
Critiquing Assessments For Older Adults
The issues related to assessment of older adults
 Changes in physical function
 Vision
 Cognitive
 The issue of social consequences
 The outcome of a driving assessment
 Competency assessment
Psychometric Properties of the Malay Version of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive
Assessment for Geriatrics (M-LOTCA-G) Among the Malaysian Elderly Population
Ahmad , Rajendran, Husna, Ghazali, and Chandra. (2015).
 Malaysia, by the year 2035 or even earlier, will be labeled an ageing country
 Prevalence of cognitive impairment among residents of an elderly care

home in the north of Malaysia was 12.3%
 Prevalence of cognitive impairment among residents of an elderly care

home in the north of Malaysia was 12.3%
LOTCA-G
 Specifically designed to assess cognitive functions of the elderly population
 Evaluating comprehensive cognitive ability of perceptual and motor skills, which involves
both motor-free and constructional functions
 Indicate the client’s remaining cognitive abilities and disabilities in the areas of
orientation, perception, visuomotor organization, and thinking operations.
References
 Psychometric Properties of the Malay Version of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive
Assessment for Geriatrics (M-LOTCA-G) Among the Malaysian Elderly Population
Ahmad , Rajendran, Husna, Ghazali, and Chandra. (2015).

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FAIR TESTING

 Three specific instances of fair testing practices are considered:

People with disabilities.

 The Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) was developed in

 LOTCA-G is specifically designed to assess cognitive functions of the elderly population.

 Occupational therapists may be required to assess an individual whose first language

 Three occupational therapists with 7 to 20 years of experience working with geriatric

 Changes in physical function

 The issue of social consequences

 The outcome of a driving assessment

 Prevalence of cognitive impairment among residents of an elderly care

 Prevalence of cognitive impairment among residents of an elderly care

 Specifically designed to assess cognitive functions of the elderly population

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