20.10.20 Line Coding

Line Coding
Line coding refers to the process of converting digital data into digital signals.
Whenever we transmit data it is in the form of digital signals.
With line coding, we can convert a sequence to bits (or encoding) into a digital signal which
then again converted into bits by the receiver (or can be said as decoded by the receiver).
For all this to happen we need line coding schemes which could also be able to avoid
overlapping and distortion of signals.
1001 --- 1100011001 101110 100010

Properties
DC Component:
Eliminating the dc energy from the signal power spectrum enables the transmitter to be ac
coupled. Xl=wl=2piefl=0, V=I Xl=0
Magnetic recording system or system using transformer coupling are less sensitive to low
frequency signal components.
Low frequency component may lost, if the presence of dc or near dc spectral component is
significant in the code itself.

Self synchronization
Any digital communication system requires bit synchronization. Coherent detector requires
carrier synchronization.
Error detection
Some codes such as duo binary provide the means of detecting data error without introducing
additional error detection bits into the data sequence.
Bandwidth compression:
Some codes such as multilevel codes increase the efficiency of the bandwidth utilization by
allowing a reduction in required bandwidth for a given data rate, thus more information
transmitted per unit band width.

Differential encoding
This technique is useful because it allow the polarity of differentially encoded waveform to be
inverted without affecting the data detection.
In communication system where waveform to be inverted having great advantage.

Noise immunity
For same transmitted energy some codes produces lesser bit detection error than other in the
presence of noise. For ex. The NRZ waveforms have better noise performance than the RZ
type.

Spectral compatibility with channel

On aspect of spectrum matching is dc coupling. Also transmission bandwidth of the code must
be sufficient small compared to channel bandwidth so that ISI is not problem.

Transparency

A line code should be so designed that the receiver does not go out of synchronization for any
line sequence of data symbol.
A code is not transparent if for some sequence of symbol, the clock is lost.
Types of Line Coding
Unipolar Line Coding
In Unipolar we are simply representing a signal
in a graphical form where positive voltage
represents logical or binary 1 and zero voltage
represents logical zero.
It is the simplest line code.
The drawback of this scheme is that it is not

self-clocking which means that it can't be
decoded without a separate clock signal or any
other synchronization source.
As mentioned in properties of line codes, there should be no DC component present which it

significantly contains, which can be halved by returning to zero in the middle of the bit period.
NRZ (Non-Return to Zero)
The term Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) means that
the signal (the red line in the above diagram) will
not return to zero in middle of the bit (i.e. either
0 or 1).
Unipolar schemes were generally designed as

NRZ schemes. But if we compare it to the polar
NRZ scheme.
This scheme leads to wastage of power i.e. the

normalized power (i.e. the power required to
send 1-bit per resistance) is almost double as
compared to polar NRZ.
Because of all these reasons unipolar encoding is

not normally used in data communications today.
Advantages
The advantages of Unipolar NRZ are
•It is simple.
•A lesser bandwidth is required.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of Unipolar NRZ are
•No error correction done.
•Presence of low frequency components may cause the signal droop.
•No clock is present.
•Loss of synchronization is likely to occur (especially for long strings of 1s and 0s).
Polar Line Coding
As its name suggests polar which means it will have both positive and negative values for
voltages or amplitude, it is quite like NRZ scheme but, here we have NRZ-L (i.e. NRZ-
Level) and NRZ-I (i.e. NRZ Invert).
In the above diagram, we can simply notice that high

volt is for logical 0 and low volt is for logical 1. This is
the representation of NRZ-Level.
whenever we encounter logical 1 then the signal will be

inverted, but when it encounters logical 0 then it
remains on the same side. This is the NRZ-Invert.
The Baseline wandering is a problem for both of them, but for NRZ-L it is twice as bad as
compared to NRZ-I, because of the transition at the boundary for NRZ-I.
Similarly, the self-synchronization problem is similar in both for a long sequence of 0’s, but for
a long sequence of 1’s, it is more severe in NRZ-L.
Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)
In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data,
though represented by a Mark pulse, its
duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration.
Half of the bit duration remains high but it

immediately returns to zero and shows the
absence of pulse during the remaining half of the
bit duration.
Advantages Disadvantages
It is simple. •No error correction.
•The spectral line present at the •Occupies twice the bandwidth as unipolar
symbol rate can be used as a clock. NRZ.
•The signal droop is caused at the places
where signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.
Polar Signaling
Polar NRZ
In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is
represented by a positive pulse, while a Low in
data is represented by a negative pulse.
Advantages
•It is simple.
•No low-frequency components are present.
Disadvantages
•No error correction.
•The signal droop is caused at the places where the signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.
Polar RZ
In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data,
though represented by a Mark pulse, its
duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration.
Half of the bit duration remains high but it

immediately returns to zero and shows the t
absence of pulse during the remaining half of
the bit duration.
However, for a low input, a negative pulse t/2

represents the data, and the zero level remains t/2
same for the other half of the bit duration.
Advantages
•It is simple.
Disadvantages
•No error correction.
•Occupies twice the bandwidth of Polar NRZ.
•The signal droop is caused at places where the
signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.
Bipolar Signaling
This is an encoding technique which has three
voltage levels namely +, - and 0. Such a signal
is called as duo-binary signal.
An example of this type is Alternate Mark

Inversion AMI. For a 1, the voltage level gets
a transition from + to – or from – to +, having
alternate 1s to be of equal polarity. A 0 will
have a zero voltage level.
•Bipolar NRZ
•Bipolar RZ
The pulse duration and symbol bit duration are equal in NRZ type, while the pulse
duration is half of the symbol bit duration in RZ type.
Pesudoternary: this is the opposite of AMI, as we kept logical 0 at 0 volts or neutral
in the above section, here we will be keeping logical 1 as neutral (i.e. at 0 volts) and
we will keep alternating logical zero
Advantages
•It is simple.
•Occupies low bandwidth than unipolar and polar NRZ schemes.
•This technique is suitable for transmission over AC coupled lines, as signal drooping
doesn’t occur here.
•A single error detection capability is present in this.
Disadvantages
•Long strings of data causes loss of synchronization.
Manchester & Differential-Manchester
Encoding:
Manchester encoding is a combination of RZ
and NRZ-L.
Here, instead of using three values of voltages
we use only two, here logical 1 is represented in
two halves, the first half consists of a negative
voltage and the second-half is represented as
positive voltage,
and logical 0 is also represented in two halves,

the first half consists of a positive voltage and
the second-half is represented as negative
voltage.
The transition in the middle of the bit provides

synchronization.
The Differential-Manchester encoding can be
said as the combination of RZ & NRZ-I. here,
we use the same logic as we used in NRZ-I i.e.
inversion will take place when we encounter
logical 1 and if we encounter logical 0 then no
inversion.
Manchester encoding had a huge impact since it was able the solution for several problems
related to NRZ-L
Differential Manchester overcome the problems associated with NRZ-I, since there is no baseline
wandering and no low frequency component or DC component, because every logical bit was
having positive and negative voltage contribution.
The area where Manchester encoding, and Differential Manchester encoding are limited is the
bandwidth. The minimum bandwidth of Manchester encoding, and Differential Manchester
encoding is twice as that of NRZ.
RZ, T/2
4.22
UNIPOLAR RZ
4.26
4.27

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Line Coding

Whenever we transmit data it is in the form of digital signals.

1001 --- 1100011001 101110 100010

In communication system where waveform to be inverted having great advantage.

It is the simplest line code.

The drawback of this scheme is that it is not

As mentioned in properties of line codes, there should be no DC component present which it

Unipolar schemes were generally designed as

This scheme leads to wastage of power i.e. the

Because of all these reasons unipolar encoding is

In the above diagram, we can simply notice that high

whenever we encounter logical 1 then the signal will be

Half of the bit duration remains high but it

Half of the bit duration remains high but it

However, for a low input, a negative pulse t/2

An example of this type is Alternate Mark

and logical 0 is also represented in two halves,

The transition in the middle of the bit provides

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