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    8 The Rise of Islam

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    Riya Sharma
    This document provides an overview of the origins and spread of Islam from 600-1200 CE. It discusses [1] the founding of Islam by the prophet Muhammad and the establishment of the Five Pillars, [2] the early expansion of the Islamic empire under the first four caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty, and [3] the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate based in Baghdad and the further spread of Islamic influence across Africa, Asia and Europe.

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    8 The Rise of Islam

    Uploaded by

    Riya Sharma
    30 views19 pages
    This document provides an overview of the origins and spread of Islam from 600-1200 CE. It discusses [1] the founding of Islam by the prophet Muhammad and the establishment of the Five Pillars, [2] the early expansion of the Islamic empire under the first four caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty, and [3] the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate based in Baghdad and the further spread of Islamic influence across Africa, Asia and Europe.

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    This document provides an overview of the origins and spread of Islam from 600-1200 CE. It discusses [1] the founding of Islam by the prophet Muhammad and the establishment of the Five Pillars, [2] the early expansion of the Islamic empire under the first four caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty, and [3] the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate based in Baghdad and the further spread of Islamic influence across Africa, Asia and Europe.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views19 pages

    8 The Rise of Islam

    Uploaded by

    Riya Sharma
    This document provides an overview of the origins and spread of Islam from 600-1200 CE. It discusses [1] the founding of Islam by the prophet Muhammad and the establishment of the Five Pillars, [2] the early expansion of the Islamic empire under the first four caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty, and [3] the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate based in Baghdad and the further spread of Islamic influence across Africa, Asia and Europe.

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    The Rise of

    Islam; 600-1200
    World History AP
    Mr. Ermer
    Miami Beach Senior High
    Islam
     One of three Abrahamic, monotheistic religions
     Judaism & Christianity worship the same God as Muslims
     Two Branches:
     Sunnis: (Sunna=tradition) majority of Muslims
     Shi’ites: (“Party of Ali”) believe caliph descends from Ali
     Founder: Muhammad (570-632)
     Five Pillars of Islam
     Belief: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his
    prophet”
     Prayer: Must perform prescribed prayers five times a day
     Charity: “giving alms” giving part of one’s wealth to the poor
     Fasting: Refraining from eating or drinking from dawn to sunset
    during the month of Ramadan
     Pilgrimage: Must visit Mecca once in life
    The Five Pillars:
    Islamic Beginnings
     Arabia=isolated,populated by semi-nomadic clans of Semitic
    speaking polytheistic people
     Trade routes shift south, Arabs control new routes
     Christian and Buddhist missionaries visit area
     570: Muhammad born in Mecca, center of trade
     Orphaned by 5, marries rich widow, Khadija
     Troubled by economic inequalities, meditates
     Visited by Angel Gabriel who reveals God’s words
     Muhammad=last prophet in long line (Hebrews & Jesus)
     Allah’s messages written in the Quran
     Muhammad’s faith called Islam “submission to the will of
    Allah”; Muslims=“one who submits”
    Muhammad
    Building the Faith
     622 C.E.: The Hijra
     Muhammad & umma leave Mecca for Yathrib
     Population of Yathrib converts to Islam, renamed Medina
     Old clan, family, and tribal distinctions replaced by umma

     Muhammad defeats Mecca’s army, reenters city


     Rededicated Kaaba as Islam’s holiest site
     632: Muhammad dies, Abu Bakr named kalifa
     Dar al-Islam vs. Dar al-harb
     Jihad:struggle in the way of God, personal & external
     Caliph: successor of Muhammad, new leaders
     First four caliphs expand empire with Bedouin fighters
     Take lands from Byzantine Empire, defeat Sasanids
     Islam establishes political foundation with generation
    The Kaaba

    The Kaaba
    The Caliphate
    The Umayyad Caliphate

     First four caliphs build empire, do not stabilize


     Last “rightly guided caliph”—Ali—assassinated
     Umayyad clan of Mecca succeeds him
     Capital: Damascus, Syria
     Hereditary dynasty, religious tolerance
     Non-Arabs not allowed to hold high government office
     Umayyad Decline
     Many non-Arabs resent preference of Arabs
     Umayyad rulers increasingly oppressive
     Non-Arabs and other Arab clans form coalition
     Abbasi clan, under leadership of Abu al Abbas, lead revolt
     Umayyad dynasts flee to Spain, est. Iberian caliphate
    The Umayyad Caliphate
    The Abbasid Caliphate

     Abbasid caliphs move capital to Baghdad


     Located in Arabic-speaking Iraq, but close to non-Arabs
     Caliph = religious & political leader
     Ulama: Islamic scholars, sharia law, unity of the umma
     Sharia covers all aspects of practical and spiritual life
     Ulama become law makers guided by Quran and Hadith
     Ulama retains real religious power
     Mix of Persian & Byzantine royal norms
     Decentralized power, powerful provincial governors
     Turkish and Berber soldiers comprise bulk of army
     Greek art and philosophy influential, preserved
     Breakthroughs in sciences, philosophy, and art
    Muslim Opposition

     Sunni-Shiite Split
     Sunni Muslims (Arabic for “traditional”)
     Majorityof Muslim World
     Accepted rule of Umayyad & Abbasid caliphs
     Shiah Muslims (from the Arabic Shi’at Ali “Party of Ali)
     Majority in Iraq & Iran with large groups in N. Africa
     Believe Ali was the rightful caliph
     Ali’s descendants called imams
     Both groups have own versions of Sharia & Hadith
     Decentralized rule prompts opposition, revolt
     Umayyad caliphs continue to rule in Spain
     Shiite leader Abu Abdallah takes control of Egypt
     Shiite Fatimid Caliphate, capital in Cairo
    The Muslim World
    Fatimid Egypt
    Women & Islam
     Arabs late to adopt patriarchy
     Men still married into women’s family, moved close
     Women work, own property, multiple husbands
     Increased relations with patriarchal Southwest Asians begins
    to decrease status of women
     Muhammad’s relations with women changes
     First wife Khadija was older, independent, equal
     Muhammad marries more wives after Khadija’s death
     Insist
    wives be veiled, favorite wife Aisha married at nine
     Women limited to one husband

     Quran reinforces patriarchy


     Women given certain rights and protections
     Dowries, evidence for moral crimes, infanticide
     Women cannot divorce, take multiple husbands
    Greater Islamic World
     Rival Islamic states try to outdo each other in artistic,
    intellectual, and scientific achievement
     Umayyad Spain
     Capital City: Cordoba, Spain
     Great Mosque of Cordoba built in arabesque style
     Good relations between Muslims, Jews, and Christians
     Central Asia
     Arabic numerals, Algebra, Ibn Sina and medicine
     Greek philosophy translated into Arabic
     Sub-Saharan Africa
     Trade & Islam expanded to West Africa
     Swahili Coast
     Gold, salt, and slaves
    Umayyad Spain
    La Mezquita of Cordoba
    Islam in Timbuktu

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