4233 Well Log Principals
4233 Well Log Principals
4233 Well Log Principals
Resistivity @125
Classification ~Density PPM degrees F (ohm-m)
1. GAMMA-RAY (GR)
Limestone
SP
4300
Sandstone
GR
4400
Deep
4500
Shallow
50% SS or LS
0 100
% Shale
2. SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP)
Rmf ~1 ohm
Fresh mud
Shale
base-line
in borehole
Fresh mud in borehole
+ Membrane
Potential
+
+
-
- Liquid
Fresh mud
- Junction
- Potential
Sandstone Rt = 1
Shale Rs = 10
Sandstone Rt = 10
Shale Rs =
1
Sandstone Rt = 10
SP response in
relationship to bed
thickness
d = borehole diameter
f (usually ~8”)
SP response of thin
permeable beds bounded
by highly resistive beds
3. RESISTIVITY- there are many types of tools in use but the Induction
tool is by far the most common. Short-spaced, shallowly penetrating
tools and older electrical methods utilize contact electrodes: the normal,
lateral, and focused laterolog.
Formation resistivity is influenced by several factors including the
rock matrix, cementation, hydrocarbons, and formation water. The latter
probably has the greatest influence on measured rock resistivity
because saline formation water has very low resistivity. Therefore,
recorded resistivity of rocks in the subsurface is relativity small when in
fact the actual matrix grains and/or cement have almost infinity resistivity.
The small-scale log format also displays conductivity.
Limestone
SP
4300
Sandstone
GR
4400
Deep
4500
Shallow
50% SS or LS
0 100
% Shale
GR & SP RESISTIVITY
0 API 150 1 10 100 1K
Note negligible
separation in tight
and impermeable
strata; i.e., little or
no invasion
0 100
% Shale
4. POROSITY LOGS (Sonic, Microlog, Density, Neutron)
There are several logging tools that quantifiably determine porosity although only 2 are
commonly run in most wells. This practice simplifies the interpretations of porosity though
it should be noted there are many caveats in their use that can cause incorrect porosity
determinations. Because of the very shallow depth of investigation for all porosity tools,
considerable error can occur in rough holes.
SONIC LOG: Not discussed. Seldom included in log suites.
MICROLOG: This is a very shallowly penetrating resistivity log that is extremely sensitive
to minute bedding changes.
Principal: The logging tool has 3 contact electrodes each spaced 1” apart
vertically. Therefore, resistivity measurements can be made across 1” and 2” intervals
simultaneously; the log displays are called 1” microinverse and 2” micronormal,
respectively. The 1” recording essentially measures the resistivity of mudcake built up
adjacent to permeable zones as filtrate invades permeable strata and is not reflective of
formation resistivity at all. This value is usually very small and in the range of only a few ohms.
The 2” log is has slightly deeper penetration and records formation resistivity within the
proximal flushed zone just beneath the mudcake. Therefore, the 2” log is influenced by both
the formation and filtrate. This resistivity measurement is almost always slightly greater than
the 1” resistivity value (when drilling with fresh water mud). When the 2” resistivity is greater than
the 1” resistivity, the display is called “positive” log separation. It is very definitive of both
permeability and porosity. Tables are available to quantify actual porosity based on the values
from the 1” and 2” recordings.
Uses: Excellent for determining bedding/lithology boundaries and also for
determining general values for porosity.
Hypothetical Sonic Log Response
SH
SS
SH
SS
SH
LS
SH
DOL
SH
4. POROSITY LOGS (Sonic, Microlog, Density, Neutron)
There are several logging tools that quantifiably determine porosity although only 2 are
commonly run in most wells. This practice simplifies the interpretations of porosity though
it should be noted there are many caveats in their use that can cause incorrect porosity
determinations. Because of the very shallow depth of investigation for all porosity tools,
considerable error can occur in rough holes.
SONIC LOG: Not discussed. Seldom included in log suites.
MICROLOG: This is a very shallowly penetrating resistivity log that is extremely sensitive
to minute bedding changes.
Principal: The logging tool has 3 contact electrodes each spaced 1” apart
vertically. Therefore, resistivity measurements can be made across 1” and 2” intervals
simultaneously; the log displays are called 1” microinverse and 2” micronormal,
respectively. The 1” recording essentially measures the resistivity of mudcake built up
adjacent to permeable zones as filtrate invades permeable strata and is not reflective of
formation resistivity at all. This value is usually very small and in the range of only a few ohms.
The 2” log is has slightly deeper penetration and records formation resistivity within the
proximal flushed zone just beneath the mudcake. Therefore, the 2” log is influenced by both
the formation and filtrate. This resistivity measurement is almost always slightly greater than
the 1” resistivity value (when drilling with fresh water mud). When the 2” resistivity is greater than
the 1” resistivity, the display is called “positive” log separation. It is very definitive of both
permeability and porosity. Tables are available to quantify actual porosity based on the values
from the 1” and 2” recordings.
Uses: Excellent for determining bedding/lithology boundaries and also for
determining general values for porosity.
CAL & GR Micro-resistivity
6 Inches 16
0 API 150 0 10 20 30
Borehole
caving
Positive
separation
Mudcake
buildup
Lithology 0%
SH
SS
SH
SS
SH
LM
SH
DOL
NO Φ
SH
Lithology 0%
SH
SS
SH
SS
SH
LM
SH
DOL
NO Φ
SH
Principal: Responds primarily to rock matrix rather than porosity and pore
fluids. Other details are not important here.
Uses: Commonly run with density or density & neutron combo logs.
Great at delineating sandstone (values ~2 to 3) from limestone (values ~4 to
5).This distinction may be problematic using other log suites. Also good for
distinguishing between limestone (4-5) vs. dolomite (3).
CALIPER LOG – usually run with porosity log suites. This log has a 10-inch scale
most often in the range from 6-16 inches
Uses: Identify irregular borehole that may affect other logs suites.
Identify mudcake buildup–an indicator of permeability and porosity
Den & Neutron Porosity
GR & SP RESISTIVITY GR & CAL
30 20 10 0%
0 API 150 1 10 100 1K 6 (in.) 16 0 PE 10 (hypothetical)
4200
CAL
SP
GR 4300
Neutron
GR (dashed)
4400
Gas
Deep effect
Shallow Density
4500 (solid)
0 100
Sandstone Limestone
% Shale