CSS Week3

COMPUTER
SYSTEM
SERVICING
Lesson 3
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 After reading this Information Sheet,
you should be able to:
 Identify fundamentals of Operating
Systems
 Determine the different types of
operating systems
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM ?
 Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that manage
computer hardware resources and provide common services
for application software.
 The operating system is a vital component of the system
software in a computer system because application programs
require an operating system which are usually separate
programs but can be combined in simple systems
 Operating systems are found on almost any device that
contains a computer from cellular phones and video game
consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. Real-time (RTOS)
 A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating
system that aims at executing real-time applications.
 The main objective of real-time operating systems is their
quick and predictable response to events. They have an
event-driven or time-sharing design and often aspects of
both.
2. Multi-user
 A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a
computer system concurrently. Single-user operating systems, as
opposed to a multi-user operating system, are usable by a single
user at a time.
 Being able to use multiple accounts on a Windows operating
system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the
network administrator is the real user.
3. Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking

 When only a single program is allowed to run at a
time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking
system. However, when the operating system allows
the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is
classified as a multi-tasking operating system.
4. Distributed
 A distributed operating system manages a group of independent
computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The
development of networked computers that could be linked and
communicate with each other gave rise to distributed
computing.
 Distributed computations are carried out on more than one
machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation, they
make a distributed system.
•Windows server 2003

5. Embedded
 Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in
embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on
small machines like PDAs with less autonomy.
 They are able to operate with a limited number of resources.
They are very compact and extremely efficient by design.
MP3 players
mobile phones
video game consoles
digital cameras
DVD players,
GPS.
Household appliances such as microwave ovens, washing
machines and dishwashers
EXAMPLES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
 DOS (Disk Operating System) was the first widely-installed
operating system for personal computers. It is a master control
program that is automatically run when you start your PC.
 It was the first OS for the PC and is the underlying control
program for Windows 3.1, 95, 98 and ME. Windows NT,
2000, XP, Windows 7, 8 and Windows 10 emulate DOS in
order to support existing DOS applications.
 UNIX operating systems are used in widely-sold workstation
products from Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, IBM, and a
number of other companies.
 The UNIX environment and the client/server program model
were important elements in the development of the Internet
andthe reshaping of computing as centered in networks rather
than in individual computers.
 Mac OS X
 The Macintosh (often called "the Mac"), introduced in 1984
byApple Computer, was the first widely-sold personal
computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). The Mac
was designed to provide the users with “user-friendly” computer
interface.
 Microsoft was successful in adapting user interface concepts first
made popular by the Mac in its first Windows operating system.
 The primary disadvantage of the Mac is that there are fewer Mac
applications on the market than for Windows.
 Linux (or GNU/Linux) is a Unix-like operating system that was
developed without any actual Unix code, unlike BSD and its
variants.
 Linux can be used on a wide range of devices from
supercomputers to wristwatches. The Linux kernel is released
under an open source license, so anyone can read and modify its
code. It has been modified to run on a large variety of
electronics.
 Microsoft Windows
 Windows is a personal computer operating system from
Microsoft that, together with some commonly used business
applications such as Microsoft Word and Excel, has become a de
facto "standard" for individual users in most corporations as well
as in most homes.
 Windows contains built-in networking, which allows users to
share files and applications with each other if their PCs are
connected to a network.
BASIC HARDWARE
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER
SYSTEM
A computer is an electronic machine, operating
under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory, that can be programmed to accept data
(input), process it into useful information (output),
and store it away in a secondary storage device
(store) for safekeeping or later reuse.
The processing of input into output is directed by
the software but performed by the hardware. Figure
below shows some common computer hardware
components.
COMPUTER SYSTEM HARDWARE
COMPONENTS INCLUDE DEVICES THAT
PERFORM THE FUNCTIONS OF
INPUT
PROCESSING
DATA STORAGE
OUTPUT AND
COMMUNICATION.
THE DEVICES RESPONSIBLE FOR THESE
FIVE AREAS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
INPUT DEVICES
 Inputdevices allow you to enter data or

commands in a form that the computer can use;
they send the data or commands to the
processing unit. Commonly-used input devices
include keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner,
digital camera, and PC camera.
INPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
 Output devices show people the processed data--
information --in understandable and useful form.
Four commonly used output devices are a
printer, a monitor, speakers, and a portable media
player.
PROCESSING DEVICES
 Processing devices are the computer electronic circuitry housed
in the system unit.
 The processor, formally known as the central processing unit
(CPU), has electronic circuitry that manipulates input data into
the information people want. Computer instructions are actually
are executed in the central processing unit.
 Memory is a series of electronic elements that temporarily holds
data and program instructions while they are being processed by
the CPU.
 Both the processor and memory consist of chips. A chip is an
electronic device that contains many microscopic pathways
designed to carry electrical current.
STORAGE DEVICES
 Storageusually means secondary storage that
can store data and programs outside the
computer itself. Storage devices hold data,
information, and programs permanently.
Common storage devices include a hard disk,
USB flash drives, CDs, DVDs, and memory
cards.
COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
 Communications devices provide connections
between the computer and communications
networks, and enable computer users to
communicate and to exchange data, information,
and programs with other computers.
 Communications devices transmit these items
over transmission media such as cables,
telephone lines, satellites, and cellular radio. A
widely used communications device is a modem.
We communicate with computers through
input/output devices. Input devices translate our data
and communications into a form that the computer can
understand. The computer then processes these data,
and an output device translates them back into a form
we can understand.
The central processing unit manipulates data and
controls the other parts of the computer system. Memory
(primary storage) temporarily stores data and program
instructions during processing, while secondary storage
feeds data and instructions into the central processor
and stores data for future use.
THE SYSTEM UNIT
 The system unit is box-like case
that houses the processor, memory
and other electronic components of
the computer that are used to
process data. All other computer
system devices such as monitor,
keyboard and mouse are linked
either directly or indirectly into the
system unit.
THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 Also called the PROCESSOR, interprets and carries out the
basic instructions that operate a computer. The CPU
significantly impacts overall computing power and manages
most of the computer’s operations. The PROCESSOR is the
device that executes program instructions.
MEMORY
 Thememory device is a package that holds
temporarily data and program instructions during
processing.
EXPANSION CARD
 Is a circuit board that adds devices or capabilities to
the computer. Devices outside the system unit such as
keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer or microphone are
attached by a cable to the port or connector on the
system unit.
MOTHERBOARD
 A singlecircuit board that provides the path through
which the processor communicates with memory
components, other components and peripheral
devices.
MEMORY AND STORAGE SIZES
 While performing a processing operation, a

processor needs a place to temporarily store
instructions to be executed and the data to be used
with those instructions.
 Memory is also known as primary storage or
internal storage.
 This role of memory to store both data and programs
is known as the stored program concept.
 The size of memory is measured by the number of
bytes available for use.
 A kilobyte of memory is equal to exactly
1,024 bytes. To make storage definitions
easier to identify, computer users often round
a kilobyte down to 1,000 bytes.
 A megabyte (MB) is equal to approximately 1
million bytes.
 A gigabyte (GB) equals approximately 1
billion bytes.
 A terabyte (TB) is equal to approximately 1
trillion bytes.
 The system unit contains two types of
memory: volatile and nonvolatile.
 The contents of volatile memory are lost
when the computer power is turned off.
 In nonvolatile memory, the combination of
circuit states is fixed, and therefore the
contents of nonvolatile memory are not lost
when power is removed from the computer.
PORTS AND CONNECTORS
 Serial Port – a type of interface that connects a device to the
system unit by transmitting data one bit at a time.
 Parallel Port – allow the parallel transmission of data that is,
several bits are transmitted simultaneously.
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port – is use in high-speed
device interfaces.
 Firewire Port – also called as IEEE 1394 port, is similar to
USB port and can connect multiple types of devices.
POWER SUPPLY
 The power supply is the component of the system unit
that converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power.
Different motherboards and computers require
different wattages on the power supply.
Thank you!

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COMPUTER

3. Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking

•Windows server 2003

 Inputdevices allow you to enter data or

 While performing a processing operation, a

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