Digital Image Processing

Matlab Basics
 Matlab
  It allows one to perform numerical calculations, and visualize the results
without the need for complicated and time consuming programming.

 Every variable in Matlab is a multidimensional matrix.

 Highly modular.

 No memory allocation is necessary.

 Matlab enables its own garbage collection.

 Simple interface for complex mathematical concepts.

 Enables OO Programming.
 Getting Help
>> help help (explain how to get help)
>> helpbrowser / doc (open the online Matlab documentation)
>> help images (list of all commands in the Image Processing Toolbox)
>> demo (supply various guide videos)
>> lookfor read (display list of functions with ‘read’ in the name or help
text)
>> type imread (display contents of file)
>> help imread (function name + % block)
>> doc imread (function documentation in help browser)
 Using [tab] is useful to auto-complete function
names and variables
Matlab Basics
 Digital image representation :
2D function f(x,y) -> finite discrete quantities

 Coordinate Conventions:
img(r,c)
r–rows (height)
c–cols (width)
 >> size(img)

 The first pixel:

img(1,1)
 Image Types
• Intensity images
scaled to represent intensities (uint8 – [0,255], double [0,1])

• Binary images
logical array of 0s and 1s

• Indexed images
Look up table [x, map]

• RGB images
truecolor, array of (m*n*3)

 Checking the image type : isind, isbw, isgray, isrgb

Converting image types: rgb2ind, rgb2gray, gray2ind, ind2gray,….
 Reading Images
>> f = imread(‘filename’);
filename is a string including the file type (jpg, tiff,…)
; is used for suppressing output

>> [height, width] = size(f);

>> whos f display additional information about an array

Name Size Bytes Class
f 512x512x3 786432 uint8 array
Grand total is 786432 elements using 786432 byte
Displaying Images
 >> imshow(f)
display the image f according to its type

 >> imshow(f, [low high])

display as black all values less than ‘low’ and as white all values greater or
equal to ‘high’ (in grayscale images)

 >> imshow(f, [])

set low and high as the minimal and maximal values of array f (in grayscale images)

 >> impixelinfo
display intensity value of individual pixel interactively

 >> figure(2), imshow(g)

Open a new figure before displaying the image (the default – using the same figure)
Writing Images
 >> imwrite(f, ‘filename’)
f is an image array
‘filename’ must include the file format (tif, jpg, bmp,..)
 >> k = imfinfo(‘test1.jpg’)
Filename: 'test1.jpg'
FileModDate: '22-Oct-2005 13:07:36'
FileSize: 3464
Format: 'jpg'
FormatVersion: ''
Width: 256
Height: 256
BitDepth: 24
ColorType: 'truecolor'
FormatSignature: ''
Comment: {}

The answer is a structure variable with different fields: k.Width

Data Classes

Converting between types : B = data_class_name(A)

for example: B = double(A)
Conversions
 When converting between data classes and types it is
important to keep the value range for each data class
>> img = double(img)/255;
>> img = im2double(img);
 Variable Decleration and Memory
issues
 Matlab variables do not need to be declared
in advance.
 ‘ans’ is a defined variable containing the last
result
 Memory is allocated and freed automatically.

>> A = [1 2 3; 2 3 4; 3 4 5];
>> A = 0.0005
Vector indexing
 row vector (1xN)
>> v = [1 3 5 7]; (elements separated by space or comma (,))
>> v(2) = 3;
 column vector (MX1)
>> w = [1;3;5;7]; (elements separated semi-comma (;))
>> w = v’ (transpose operation)
w=
1
3
5
7
 To Access blocks of elements we use colon notation
>> v(2:4)
ans =
357
>> v(1:end) end is the last element in the vector
>> v(:) produce a column vector
>> v(1:2:end) enables steps (jumps)
>> v(end:-2:1) steps can be negative as well
 Vector can be used as an index into another vector
>> v([1 3 4])
ans =
1 5 7
Matrix Indexing
 Image – 2D array, matrix
 Matrix can be represented as a sequence of row vectors
>>A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
 To access an element, 2 indexes are used – row index and column index
>> A(2,3)  6
>> A(:,3)
3
6
9
>> A(2,:)
456
>> a(1:2,1:3)
123
456

>> B = A;
>> B(:,3) = 0
B=
1 2 0
4 5 0
7 8 0
 Using vectors to index into a matrix provide a powerful tool for element selection
A([1 3], [2 3])
2 3
8 9
 .Matrix Indexing Cont
 Image – 2D array, matrix
 A matrix is also represented as a long vector
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
 To access sequential elements in a matrix a single index can also be used:
>> A(1:9)
A=
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9

 Sometimes changing the shape of the matrix is of use:

>> reshapse(A(1:2,1:3), 3, 2)
A=
1 5
4 3
2 6

 The size of the output matrix is the size of the index matrix!

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 Matrix Addressing
 A very useful approach is to use logical matrix as an index
to the matrix
>> D = logical([1 0 0; 0 0 1; 0 0 0])
=D
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 0 0
A(D) >>
= ans
1
6
 The use of column operation on a matrix produce a single
column vector from the matrix (on a column by column
basis). It is very useful for image operations like sum or max
>> s = sum(f(:)) (equivalent to: sum(sum(f)))

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 Operators
 Arithmetical operators have their algebraic meaning:
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
>> A + A
ans =
2 4 6
8 10 12
14 16 18

>> A * [1 1 1]
??? Error using ==> times
Matrix dimensions must agree

>> A * [1 1 1]’
ans =
6
15
24

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 .Operators cont
 Vector multiplication depends on the order of the two
vectors
>> [1 2 3] * [2 3 4]
??? Error using ==> times
Matrix dimensions must agree

>> [1 2 3] * [2 3 4]’
ans =
20

>>[1 2 3]’ * [2 3 4]
ans =
2 3 4
4 6 8
6 9 12

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 .Operators cont
 Element by element operators - .* .^ ./
>> [1 2 3] .* [2 3 4]
ans =
2 6 12

>> [1 2 3] .^ 2
ans =
1 4 9

>> [1 2 3] ./ (2:2:6)
ans =
0.5000 0.5000 0.5000

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 Array dimensions
 Matlab arrays can be of any dimensions
 It is useful to operate on specific dimension of the
array, for example:
>> height = size(i,1);

 Usually we deal with 2D arrays but there are cases

we need to address higher dimensions (such as
color images)
>> i(200:300, 200:400, 3)

 To get the number of dimensions of an array

>> d = ndims(f)

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 Standard Arrays
Generating simple array enables trying out simple
ideas and test the syntax of a function during
development
>> zeros(m,n)
>> ones(m,n)
>> true(m,n)
>> false(m,n)
>> magic(m)
>> rand(n)
>> randn(n)
>> pascal(n)

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 Additional Operators
 Arithmetic operators (numeric computations)
◦ matrix arithmetic (linear algebra A*B)
◦ array arithmetic (element by element A.*B)
+, -, ./, .^,:..
 Relational operators (compare)
◦ Compare corresponding elements of arrays of equal
dimensions (<, >,<=, >=, ==, ~=) or an array to scalar
 Logical operators can operate both on logical
and numeric data (and: &, or: |, not: ~)
true: logical 1 or non-zero numeric quantity
false: logical or numerical 0
 logical functions : any, all

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1, :);
>> imshow(s);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);
>> t = i(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
>> imshow(t);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);
>> t = i(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
>> imshow(t);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);
>> t = i(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
>> imshow(t);
>> i(200:300, 200:400) = 0;
>> imshow(i);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);
>> t = i(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
>> imshow(t);
>> i(200:300, 200:400) = 0;
>> imshow(i);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);
>> t = i(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
>> imshow(t);
>> i(200:300, 200:400) = 0;
>> imshow(i);
>> imshow(i/2);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);
>> t = i(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
>> imshow(t);
>> i(200:300, 200:400) = 0;
>> imshow(i);
>> imshow(i/2);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);
>> t = i(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
>> imshow(t);
>> i(200:300, 200:400) = 0;
>> imshow(i);
>> imshow(i/2);
>> imshow((i>0.8).*i);

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 Examples - Matrix indexing
>> i = imread('sowrds0040.bmp');
>> i = rgb2gray(double(i)/255);
>> imshow(i)
>> s = i(end:-1:1,:);
>> imshow(s);
>> a = i(200:300,200:400);
>> imshow(a);
>> t = i(1:2:end, 1:2:end);
>> imshow(t);
>> i(200:300, 200:400) = 0;
>> imshow(i);
>> imshow(i/2);
>> imshow((i>0.8).*i);

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 M-Files
M-Files can be one of two:
 Scripts – A series of commands that are performed on the
global scope.
No input and output variables.

 Functions – A set of commands performed over a given input,

with a required output.
Functions have a scope of their own.
(accessing the global scope can be done by defining the
variables to be ‘globals’).

In both types – the m-file must be in the current directory, or in

a previously added path (added with the function addpath)

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 M-Function Programming

Components of m files:
 Function definition line
function [out1 out2] = name(in1, in2, in3)

 H1 line - a single comment line that follows the function

definition line.
% SQUARESUM compute the sum of the square of the matrix elements

This line appears when user writes

>> help function_name

>> lookfor keyword - display all functions where the keyword

appeared in H1 line

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 M-Function Programming
 Components of m files (cont.):

 Help Text - text block following the H1 line without any

blank line in between the two

 Function body – the Matlab code

 Comments – lines starting with %

Note: – add short and clear comments to your code!

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 Flow control
 if, else, elseif, end
 switch, case, otherwise, end
 return
 try...catch…end

 for i=start:increment:end, end

 while, end
 break (used with for or while)
 continue (used with for or while)

Try not to use

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 Code Optimization – Vectorizing Loops

 1D indexing
Convert for / while loops to equivalent vector or matrix
operations

x = 0:k-1 >>
>> for x = 1:k
;ff = 5*sin(x/(2*pi)) >>
ff(x) = 5*sin((x-1)/(2*pi));
end

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 Code optimization –
vectorizing loops
 2D indexing
meshgrid – convert rows vectors to arrays C and R
that can be used for evaluating function with two
variables
>> for r = 1:10
>> for c = 1:10 meshgrid(1:c, 1:r) = ]C, R[ >>
>> b(r,c) = r.^2+ c.^2 ;h = R.^2 + C.^2 >>
>> end
>> end

Vectorzing code accelerates the computation significantly

For Example: using meshgrid runs on the order of
30 times faster the same computation based on loops
on Image of 512x512 pixels

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 Code Optimization –
Pre-allocating large arrays
 Simple way to improve code execution is to
pre-allocate the size of the arrays in the
program.

>> f = zeros(1024);

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 Cell arrays and Structures
 Cell array is multidimensional array whose
elements are copies of other arrays
>> c = {‘gauss’,[1 0;0 1], 3}
>> c{1}
ans =
gauss
 Structures are similar to cell arrays (allow grouping
of a collection of dissimilar data) but they
addressed by fields rather than by numbers
>> params.nimgs = 100;
>> params.jump = 2;
>> params.baseStr = ‘testImg’

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 Arguments
 Matlab arguments are always passed by value
 Checking whether an argument exist
>> exist(a,’var’)
 Checking number of arguments to the
functions
>> nargin, nargout, nargchk
 Getting variable number of arguments
>>varargin, varargout

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 Gui
>> guide (Graphic User Interface Development
Environment)
Start the GUI Layout Editor. Guide create
◦ fig file: complete description of the gui elements
and their arrangements

◦ gui m-file: the code that controls the gui

operations, initializations functions, callback
functions

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?Any Questions