CHEMICAL BONDING

Most Essential Learning

Competencies
MELC Q2 Week 2 -3

 Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or covalent)

based on their properties such as melting point, hardness,
polarity, and electrical and thermal conductivity;
 Explain how ions are formed
Important Terms
 Element = a pure substance that cannot be separated or broken down into
simpler substances by chemical means
 Atom = the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical
properties of that element
 Compound = a substance made up of atoms of two or more different
elements joined by chemical bonds
Bonding
Atoms with unfilled valence shells are
considered unstable.

Atoms will try to fill their outer shells by

bonding with other atoms.

Chemical bond = the attractive force that

holds atoms or ions together in a compound
Atomic Bonds
 Atoms form atomic bonds to become
more stable.
 Atoms become more stable by filling
their valence shell or at least meeting
the octet rule by getting 8 valence
electrons.
 Atomic Bonds
 There are three main types of chemical bonds used by
atoms to fill their valence shell: “Bond,
Chemical
 Covalent Bond”
 Metallic
 Ionic
Chemical Formulas

A chemical formula tells us:

the type of atoms present
the number of atoms present
the type of compound
Chemical Formulas
 Example: table salt: Sodium
Chloride
 Chemical formula:
 NaCl
 Count the atoms present:
 1 Na atom
 1 Cl atom
Chemical Formulas
 Sometimes there are subscripts present.
 A subscript is a small number that is in a chemical formula. If no subscript is
present assume that it is 1.
 Example - water: H2O
 2 H atoms
 1 O atom

Subscript
Chemical Formulas
 Sometimes there are parentheses with a subscript. The subscript only
applies to the atoms within the parentheses.
 Example - calcium hydroxide (kidney stones): Ca(OH)2.
 1 Ca atom
 2 O atoms
 2 H atoms
Chemical Formulas

 Sometimes there are subscripts in the

parentheses. Multiply the subscript outside
the parentheses by the subscript of each
element within the parentheses.
 Example - calcium nitrate: Ca(NO3)2
 1 Ca atom
 2 N atoms
 6 O atoms (3 oxygens x 2 = 6)
Ions
 Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
 Ions are charged atoms (positive or negative).
 Positive ions are called cations.
 Formed when the atom loses electrons.
 Lose negative charge, becomes positive ION
 Metals
 Negative ions are call anions.
 Formed when the atom gains electrons.
 Gain negative charge, become negative ION
 Non-metals
Ionic Bonds
 Ionic bonds are formed between metals and non-metals.

 Ionic bonds are formed between oppositely charged atoms (ions).

 Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons.

 One atom loses (gives away) electrons.
 One atom gains (receives) electrons.
Ionic Bonds
 Use the number of valence electrons to determine the
# of electrons that are lost or needing to be gained.

 Thetransfer of electrons create a positive ion and a

negative ion. The opposite charges attract one
another, causing a chemical bond to form.

Bonding Animation
Atoms with 4 or less valence
electrons want to LOSE (give
away) their valence electrons.
[Groups 1, 2, 13, 14]

Atoms with 4 or more valence

electrons want to GAIN (receive)
more electrons to satisfy their
octet. [Groups 14, 15, 16, 17]
 Ionic Bonds
 The normal charge of an ion can be quickly
determined using the oxidation number of
an element.
 The oxidation number of an atom is the
charge that atom would have if the
compound was composed of ions.
 Ionic Bonds
 To find the oxidation number :
 Look at Group #
 Determine # of valence
electrons
 If 4 or less, atom will
lose (give away)
valence electrons (ion
is positive)
 If 4 or more, atom will
gain the needed # to
fill valence shell. (ion
is negative)
Ionic Bonds
 Example:
 Beryllium is in Group 2
 Be has 2 e-
 Wants to achieve octet
 Loses the 2 e-


Oxidation #/Ion charge of +2
 Example:
 Nitrogen is in Group 15
 N has 5 e-
 Needs 3 more for octet
 Gains 3 e-


Oxidation #/Ion charge of -3
Practice: Determining Oxidation
Numbers

Atom Group Valence Oxidation

Electrons Number
Oxygen 16 6 -2

Calcium 2 2 +2

Fluorine 17 7 -1

Phosphorus 15 5 -3

Sodium 1 1 +1
Drawing Ionic Bonds
 1 – Draw the Lewis structure for each element.
 Ex: Na Cl
 2 – Draw arrows to show the TRANSFER (gain/loss) of electrons [draw
extra atoms if needed]
Drawing Ionic Bonds (continued)

 3 – Draw ion Lewis diagrams showing the new charge for

each ion.
 Ex:
 4- Write the chemical formula for the compound formed
represents the ratio of negative ions to positive ions.
 Ex: NaCl – for every 1 sodium ion, there is also 1 chlorine ion.
Chemical Formula = NaCl
Practice Drawing Ionic Bonds

Elements Lewis Transfer Formula

Diagram

Calcium
Fluorine

Sodium
Oxygen
“Swap & Drop” Method
Given the name of an Ionic Compound, you can determine the chemical
formula using the “swap and drop” method:

1. Write the symbols for each ion.

2. Determine the oxidation number of each ion.
3. Swap and Drop
4. Reduce (if necessary).
5. Rewrite
Ionic Bonding Nomenclature

To name Binary Ionic Compounds:

o 2 elements—one METAL and one NON-METAL

o Cation is always written first [Metal]

o Cation name stays the same

o Anion is written second [Non-metal]

o Change the non-metal’s ending to “-ide”.

oNO PREFIXES ARE USED FOR IONIC COMPOUND

NAMING
Examples
NaCl
Sodium Chloride Name the metal ion
CaO
Calcium Oxide Name the nonmetal
Al2S3 ion, changing the
Aluminum Sulfide suffix to –ide.
MgI2
Magnesium Iodide
BaNa2 Thisshould
The
You is two of
name metals
this is–Banana
recognize not a binary
(JOKE
a problem ionic
– this
with haha)one
compound
Cations with a variable/multiple charges:

Some transition metals have multiple possible cation charges. A roman

numeral (I, II, III, IV, V, …) must be used in the cation and ionic compound
naming system to distinguish between the charges.

For example, iron (Fe) can form the iron (II) ion and also the iron (III) ion,
denoted Fe2+ and Fe3+, respectively.

Iron (II) oxide and iron (III) oxide are distinct compounds, with electrically
neutral formulas FeO and Fe2O3 , respectively
PRACTICE!
PRACTICE

Sodium Bromide
Calcium Oxide

Lithium Sulfide

Magnesium Bromide

Berylium Hydroxide

KI

MgO

AlCl3

NaNO3
Polyatomic Ions

 A polyatomic ion is a group of covalently bonded atoms

that have lost or gained an electron. (Example: Nitrate
NO3- and Ammonium NH4+).
 Oppositely charged polyatomic ions can form compounds.
(Example: Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3).
Polyatomic Ions
 Naming of these Common Polyatomic Ions

NH4+
compounds follows
ammonium

carbonate CO32-
the same rules as bicarbonate HCO3-
binary ionic hydroxide OH-
compounds. nitrate NO3-

 The most important nitrite NO2-

part is recognizing phosphate PO43-

there is a polyatomic sulfate SO42-

ion present. sulfite SO32-

acetate C2H3O2-
Practice: Polyatomic Ions
To go from the formula to the name:
1. Name the cation.
2. Name the anion.
Polyatomic Ions
To go from
name to formula:
1. Write the symbols for
each ion.
2. Determine the
oxidation number of O 2-
each ion.
3. Swap and Drop
4. Reduce (if necessary).
5. Put parentheses
around the polyatomic (NH4)2O
ion if receives a
** Remember charges CANCEL
subscript greater than out each other!!
one.
6. Rewrite
Practice: Polyatomic Ions
Compound Name Oxidation #s Chemical Formula

Calcium phosphate
Ca2+ PO43- Ca3(PO4)2

Sodium hydroxide Na1+ OH1- NaOH

Ammonium sulfate NH41+ SO42- (NH4)2SO4

Transition Metals--Ionic Compounds
 Transition metals are cations that have
variable charges that makes them hard
to name.
 We use Roman numerals to indicate the charge of a transition metal.
 Example:
 copper (II) oxide – charge of copper for this compound is +2
 titanium (IV) sulfide – charge of titanium for this compound is +4
Transition Metal Ionic Compounds
 To go from formula to name you
need to determine the Roman
numeral for your transition metal.
1. If there are no subscripts, simply
give the transition metal the equal
and opposite charge to the
nonmetal.
2. Now use normal ionic bonding rules
putting your new number in Roman
numerals to the right of your
transition metal ONLY.
Transition Metal Ionic Compounds
 To go from formula to name you
need to determine the Roman
numeral for your transition metal:
1. If there are subscripts present use
the reverse “Swap and Drop.”
2. Now use normal ionic bonding rules
putting your new number in Roman
numerals to the right of your
transition metal ONLY.
Practice
Name: Write the Fla.

Pb(CO3)2 Tin (II) Sulfate

Cu2CO3 Potassium Bicarbonate
Covalent Bonds
 Covalent bonds form between two non-metals. Groups 14-17 on the
Periodic Table
 Covalent bonds are formed when atoms SHARE electrons.
 Both atoms need to gain electrons to become stable, so they share the electrons
they have.
 Atoms can share more than one pair of electrons to create double and triple
bonds.
Properties of Covalent
Compounds
Results in a NEUTRAL molecule
Weak bonds
 Physical State usually liquids or
gases
 Low Melting and Boiling Points
 Poor conductors of electricity
(no free electrons to move around)
Covalent Bonds
Use Lewis structures to draw valence electrons for
each atom in the covalent pair.

Each chlorine atom wants to gain one

electron to achieve an octet.
Covalent Bonds
The octet is achieved by each atom
sharing the electron pair in the middle.

Now, each Chlorine atom has 8 valence

electrons because it is sharing one pair.
Chlorine Molecule
It is a single bonding pair so it is called a
single covalent bond. The compound
is now called a molecule.

Cl Cl Cl2
Covalent Bonds

How will oxygen bond?

Covalent Bonds

Two bonding pairs, making a double bond.

The double bond can be shown as two dashes

O O
O2
Covalent Bonds
 Elements can share up to three pairs of electrons.
(6 total electrons).
Single Bond
(2e)

Double Bond
(4e)

Triple Bond
(6e)
 Covalent Bonds
 Atoms can share their electrons equally or unequally.

 When atoms share electrons equally, it is called a non-polar

covalent bond.
 Non-polar covalent bonds form between atoms of the same type. Ex: H2,
Cl2,

 When atoms share electrons unequally it is called a polar covalent

bond.
 One atom pulls the electrons closer to itself.
 The atom that pulls the electrons more gets a slightly negative charge.
 The other atom gets a slightly positive charge.
 Ex: Water molecule

Bonding Animation
 Practice: Drawing Covalent Bonds
 We can illustrate covalent bonding using Lewis structures.
 1 – Draw a Lewis structure for each element.

 Ex: C H
 2 - Continue adding atoms until all atoms have a full valence
H

H C H
CH4
carbon tetrahydride
H
Activity:
Covalent Bonds Nomenclature
 Naming binary covalent
compounds: # of Atoms Prefix
 Two nonmetals 1 mono-
 Name each element 2 di-
 Change the ending of the 2nd 3 tri-

element to –ide 4
5
tetra-
penta-
 Use prefixes to indicate 6 hexa-
the # of atoms of each 7 hepta-
element
8 octa-
 Do not use “mono” with the
9 nona-
first element
10 deca-
Activity: Covalent Bonds
Nomenclature
Given the following covalent compounds, WRITE
the correct chemical formula.
Name Chemical Formula

Hydrogen Disulfide HS2

Diphosphorus pentoxide P2O5

Trinitrogen hexafluoride N3F6

Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds in
Binary Compounds
Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
 Form when electrons are  Form when electrons are
transferred between atoms. shared between atoms.
 Form between a metal and a  Form between two non-
non-metal. metals.

Both types of bonds result in all atoms

having a full outer energy level.
Metallic Bonds
Metallic bond’ is a term used to describe the collective sharing of a sea of valence
electrons between several positively charged metal ions. Metallic bonding is a type of
chemical bonding and is responsible for several characteristic properties of metals such as
their shiny lustre, their malleability, and their conductivities for heat and electricity.
Properties of Metals Due to Metallic Bonding
Overview of the Three Types of Bonding