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    Liver Cancer

    Uploaded by

    Sakthi Devi
    - Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, starts in the liver and has several potential causes and risk factors including anabolic steroids, aflatoxins, cirrhosis, diabetes, family history, obesity, liver disease, and smoking. - It is staged from I to IV based on tumor size and spread. Symptoms often do not appear until later stages and include weight loss, appetite loss, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and biopsy. - Treatment options include surgery, liver transplant, ablation therapy, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and alternative medicines. Nursing focuses on pain management, diet, monitoring for side effects and complications, preparing for

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    Liver Cancer

    Uploaded by

    Sakthi Devi
    42 views19 pages
    - Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, starts in the liver and has several potential causes and risk factors including anabolic steroids, aflatoxins, cirrhosis, diabetes, family history, obesity, liver disease, and smoking. - It is staged from I to IV based on tumor size and spread. Symptoms often do not appear until later stages and include weight loss, appetite loss, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and biopsy. - Treatment options include surgery, liver transplant, ablation therapy, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and alternative medicines. Nursing focuses on pain management, diet, monitoring for side effects and complications, preparing for

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    - Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, starts in the liver and has several potential causes and risk factors including anabolic steroids, aflatoxins, cirrhosis, diabetes, family history, obesity, liver disease, and smoking. - It is staged from I to IV based on tumor size and spread. Symptoms often do not appear until later stages and include weight loss, appetite loss, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and biopsy. - Treatment options include surgery, liver transplant, ablation therapy, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and alternative medicines. Nursing focuses on pain management, diet, monitoring for side effects and complications, preparing for

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    42 views19 pages

    Liver Cancer

    Uploaded by

    Sakthi Devi
    - Liver cancer, also known as hepatic cancer, starts in the liver and has several potential causes and risk factors including anabolic steroids, aflatoxins, cirrhosis, diabetes, family history, obesity, liver disease, and smoking. - It is staged from I to IV based on tumor size and spread. Symptoms often do not appear until later stages and include weight loss, appetite loss, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and biopsy. - Treatment options include surgery, liver transplant, ablation therapy, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and alternative medicines. Nursing focuses on pain management, diet, monitoring for side effects and complications, preparing for

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    • Liver cancer' also known as hepatic

    cancer and primary hepatic cancer, is cancer that starts in


    the liver.
    • Cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver; known
    as liver metastasis,
    CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
    OF LIVER CANCER
    • Anabolic steroids - used by athletes and weight lifters. These
    male hormones, if used regularly and for long enough, can raise
    the risk of
    developing liver cancer; as well as some other cancers.
    Aflatoxins - a substance made by a fungus and may be found in
    moldy wheat, groundnuts, corn, nuts, soybeans and peanuts. For
    liver cancer risk to increase there needs to be long-term
    exposure. This is more of a problem in less wealthy countries.
    • Cirrhosis - when liver cells are damaged and replaced with scar
    tissue. People with cirrhosis of the liver have a higher risk of
    developing liver cancer.
    • Diabetes - patients with diabetes, especially if they also have
    hepatitis, or regularly consume a lot of alcohol, are more likely to
    develop liver cancer.

    • Family history - people whose mother, father, brother, or sister


    had liver cancer are at a higher risk of developing it themselves,
    compared to others.
    • Obesity - obesity raises the risk of developing many cancers,
    including liver cancer
    Liver disease and inherited liver disease -people with
    hepatitis B or C have a significantly higher risk of
    developing liver cancer; compared to other healthy
    individuals.

    Low immunity - people with weakened


    immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS have a risk of
    liver cancer that is five times greater than other healthy
    individuals.

    ・ Gender - a higher percentage of males get liver cancer


    compared to females. Some experts
    believe this is not due to gender; but to lifestyle characteristics.
    On average, males tend to smoke and abuse alcohol more
    than females.
    • Smoking - individuals with hepatitis B or C have a higher risk
    of liver cancer if they smoke.
    STAGES OF CANCER

    Liver cancer is categorized into four stages:

    • Stage 1 - the tumor is just in/on the liver and no where else

    • Stage 2 - either there are several small tumors with little

    increase in size, but all within the liver, or one tumor that has

    reached a blood vessel


    ・ Stage III.
    At this stage, the tumor extends beyond the liver to
    the surrounding tissue and may also have spread to a
    nearby lymph node.
    ・ Stage IV.
    Cancer spreads outside the liver to multiple lymph
    nodes or to distant parts of the body, such as the
    lungs.
    Symptoms
    Most people don’t have signs and symptoms in the early
    stages of primary liver cancer. When signs and
    symptoms do appear, they may include:
    —Losing weight without trying
    —Loss of appetite
    —Upper abdominal pain
    —Nausea and vomiting
    —General weakness and fatigue

    —Abdominal swelling

    —Yellow discoloration of your skin and the whites of

    your eyes (jaundice)

    —White, chalky stools


    Diagnosis of liver cancer
    • HCC screening - high risk individuals for HCC should
    have regular screenings for liver cancer.
    Liver cancer, if not diagnosed early is much more
    difficult to remove.
    The only way to know whether you have liver cancer
    early on is through screening, because symptoms are
    either slight or nonexistent.

    High risk people include those with hepatitis


    C and B, patients with alcohol-related
    cirrhosis and other alcohol abusers.
    • Blood test - AFP (alpha fetoprotein), a type of protein, is
    produced by liver tumors and can be detected in a blood
    test
    • Imaging scans - either an MRI or CT scan
    • Biopsy - a small sample of tumor tissue is removed and
    analyzed. The analysis can reveal whether the tumor is
    cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign).
    TREATMENT
    Surgery

    • In the early stages, when the tumor is small and occupies just
    a small part of the liver, it can be surgically removed (surgical
    resection).

    ・ Even if part of the liver is removed during this procedure,

    the patient's health should not be significantly undermined


    Liver transplant - candidates for a liver

    transplant cannot have a tumor larger than 2 inches (5cm).

    If the tumor is larger; the risk of the cancer coming back is

    too high.
    • Ablative therapy - substances are injected directly into the
    tumor; such as alcohol. Lasers
    and radio waves can also be used
    • Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) - radiation is directed at
    the tumor(s), killing a significant number of them. Patients may
    experience
    nausea, vomiting and fatigue.
    Chemotherapy -

    (chemoembolization). In chemoembolization the blood supply to

    the tumor is blocked

    anticancer drugs (chemotherapv) are administered directly into

    the tumor
    Targeted drug therapy

    ・ Targeted drugs work by interfering with


    specific abnormalities within a tumor.

    ・ They have been shown to slow or stop

    advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from

    progressing for a few months longer than with no treatment.


    • such as the drug sorafenib (Nexavar), may be used to control

    advanced liver cancer.


    Alternative medicines
    Ask doctor about alternative treatments that may help you
    cope with pain, such as:
    • Acupressure
    • Acupuncture
    • Deep breathing
    • Listening to music (music therapy)
    • Massage
    NURSING MANAGEMENT
    • Give analgesics as ordered and encourage the patient to
    identify care measures that promote comfort.
    • Provide patient with a special diet

    • Monitor respiratory function.


    • Explain the treatments to the patient and his family,
    including adverse reactions the patient may experience.
    Prepare the patient for surgery if indicated.
    • Provide comprehensive care and emotional assistance.
    • Monitor the patient for fluid retention and ascites.

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