Four Pillars of Iot

Four Pillars of IoT
The Horizontal, Verticals, and Four Pillars

 It is very important to sort out those vertical applications and identify com-
mon underpinning technologies that can be used across the board, so that in-
terconnecting, interrelating, and synergized grand integration and new cre-
ative, disruptive applications can be achieved.
 One of the common characteristics of the Internet of Things is that objects in

a IoT world have to be instrumented, interconnected, before anything can be
intelligently processed and used anywhere, anytime, anyway, and anyhow,
which are the 5A and 3I characteristics.
 To achieve such 5A and 3I capabilities, some common, horizontal, general-

purpose technologies, standards, and platforms, especially middleware plat-
forms based on common data representations just like the three-tiered appli-
cation server middleware, HTML language, and HTTP protocol in the Inter-
net/web arena, have to be established to support various vertical applications
cost effectively, and new applications can be added to the platform unlimit-
edly.
 Most of the vertical applications of IoT utilize common technologies from
the networking level and middleware platform to the application level,
such as standard wired and wireless networks, DBMS, security framework,
web-based three-tiered middleware, multitenant PaaS, SOA interfaces, and
so on.
 Service management platforms (SMPs) allow for the essential connectivity
management, intelligent rate-plan management, and customer self-service
capability that are today’s fundamental prerequisites for providing a suc-
cessful, managed M2M service.
 Telenor Objects (Telenor Norway) aims to provide layered and horizontal
architecture for connecting devices and application.
 The key benefits of horizontal standard-based platforms will be
faster and less costly application development and more highly func-
tional, robust, and secure applications.
 The six pillars of M2M are as follows:
1. Remote monitoring is a generic term most often representing supervisory con-
trol, data acquisition, and automation of industrial assets.
2. RFID is a data-collection technology that uses electronic tags for storing data.
3. A sensor network monitors physical or environmental conditions, with sensor
nodes acting cooperatively to form/maintain the network.
4. The term smart service refers to the process of networking equipment and moni-
toring it at a customer’s site so that it can be maintained and serviced more effec-
tively.
5. Telematics to the integration of telecommunications and infomatics, but most of-
ten it refers to tracking, navigation, and entertainment applications in vehicles.
6. Telemetry is usually associated with industrial, medical-, and wildlife-tracking
applications that transmit small amounts of vehicles data.
 A four-pillar graphic is introduced for the broader IoT universe. The
four pillars of IoT are M2M, RFID, WSNs and SCADA (supervisory
control and data acquisition)
 M2M uses devices to capture events, via a network connection to a central server,
that translates the captured events into meaningful information.
 RFID uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag attached to an ob-
ject to a central system through a reader for the purpose of identifying and track-
ing the object.
 A WSN consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical
or environmental conditions.
 SCADA is an autonomous system based on closed-loop control theory or a smart
system or a CPS data connects, monitors, and controls equipment via network in
a facility such as a plant or a building.
 Harbor Research defines smart systems as a new generation of sys-
tems architecture that provides real-time awareness based on inputs
from machines, people, video streams, maps, new feeds, sensors,
and more that integrate people, processes, and knowledge to enable
collective awareness and decision making.
 Four Pillars of IoT and Their Relevance to Networks
Four Pillars and Short-Range Wire- Long-Range Wire- Short-Range
Lon-Range Wired
Networks less less Wired
RFID Yes Some No Some
WSN Yes Some No Some
M2M Some Yes No Some
SCADA Some Some Yes Yes

 The four pillars of IoT paradigms and related networks
• IoT is the glue that fastens the four pillars through a common set of best prac-
tices, networking methodology, and middleware platform.
SCADA
IoT RFID
M2M
WSN
3.2 M2M: The Internet of Devices

 Two of the six pillars, remote monitoring and smart service, are fea-
tures or functions of an IoT system rather pillars.
 Most of the M2M market research reports assume M2M modules
are simply just cellular modules.
 Application Areas for Cellular M2M, p. 67
 There is overlap between M2M and the consumer electronics appli-
cations. The consumer electronics offerings include the following:
• Personal navigation devices
• eReaders
• Digital picture frames
• People-tracking devices
• Pet-tracking devices
• Home security monitors
• Personal medical devices
 The typical architecture of an M2M system from BiTX.
1 2 3 4 5
The M2M The M2M Mid- The Network In- The M2M Gate- The Remote As-
Application dleware frastructure way sets
(the front end) (the brains of (the transport) (the interpreter)
the system)
Wireless
S N
Wired
6 M2M communication protocol 7 Asset-specific

protocol
N Network adapter S Gateway Manager

 Service
Vertical Applications
Service Enablememt Middleware (APIs over Internet)

Reduce complexities with regard to fragmented connectivity, device standards, application in-
formation protocols, and device management. Based on and extend connectivity.
Connectivity
RFID: The Internet of Objects
 An RFID tag is a simplified, low-cost, disposable contactless smart-
card. RFID tags include a chip that stores a static number (ID) and
attributes of the tagged object and an antenna that enables the chip
to transmit the store number to a reader.
 An RFID system involves hardware known as readers and tags, as
well as RFID software or RFID middleware.
3.4 WSN: The Internet of Transducers
 WSN is more for sensing and information-collecting purposes. Other net-
works include body sensor network (BSN), visual or video sensor network
(VSN), vehicular sensor networks, underwater (acoustic) sensor networks,
interplanetary sensor networks, fieldbus networks, and others.
 The extended scope of WSN is the USN, or ubiquitous sensor network, a
network of intelligent sensors that could one day become ubiquitous.
 The architecture of a typical sensor network
• Sensor node: sense target events, gather sensor readings, manipulate informa-
tion, send them to gateway via radio link
• Base station/sink: communicate with sensor nodes and user/operator
• Operator/user: task manager, send query
 Routing and energy saving are required.
 WSNs are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various environ-
ments, including remote and hostile regions, with ad hoc communica-
tions as key.
 For this reasons, algorithms and protocols need to address the following
issues.
• Lifetime maximization
• Robustness and fault tolerance
• Self-configuration
 Middleware for WSN, the middle-level primitive between the software

and the hardware, can help bridge the gap and remove impediments.
 Context-aware system based on WSN
 Mobile sensor networks (MSNs) are WSNs in which nodes can move
under own control or under the control of the environment.
3.5 SCADA: The Internet of Controllers
 SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a type of industrial
control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer con-
trolled systems that monitor and control industrial processes that exist
in the physical world
 An existing SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems:

• HMI (human-machine interface)
• RTU (remote terminal units)
• PLSs (programmable logic controllers)
• DCSs (distributed control systems)
• M2M, WSN, smart systems, CPS, and others all have overlaps of scope with SCADA.
 Middleware-based SCADA system

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Four Pillars of IoT

The Horizontal, Verticals, and Four Pillars

 One of the common characteristics of the Internet of Things is that objects in

 To achieve such 5A and 3I capabilities, some common, horizontal, general-

RFID Yes Some No Some

WSN Yes Some No Some

M2M Some Yes No Some

SCADA Some Some Yes Yes

3.2 M2M: The Internet of Devices

6 M2M communication protocol 7 Asset-specific

N Network adapter S Gateway Manager

Service Enablememt Middleware (APIs over Internet)

 Middleware for WSN, the middle-level primitive between the software

 An existing SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems:

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