Introduction

to
Data Structures
 Definition
⚫Data: Collection of raw facts.
⚫Data structure is representation of the logical
relationship existing between individual
elements of data.
⚫Data structure is a specialized format for
organizing and storing data in memory that
considers not only the elements stored but
also their relationship to each other.

2
 Introduction

⚫Data structure affects the design of both

structural & functional aspects of a
program.
Program=algorithm + Data Structure
⚫You know that a algorithm is a step by step
procedure to solve a particular function.

3
Classification of Data Structure
⚫Data structure are normally divided into
two broad categories:
◦ Primitive Data Structure
◦ Non-Primitive Data Structure

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Classification of Data Structure

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 Primitive Data Structure
⚫ There are basic structures and directly
operated upon by the machine
instructions.
⚫ Data structures that are directly operated
upon the machine-level instructions are
known as primitive data structures.
⚫ Integer, Floating-point number, Character
constants, string constants, pointers etc, fall
in this category.

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 Primitive Data Structure
⚫ The most commonly used operation on
data structure are broadly categorized into
following types:
◦ Create
◦ Selection
◦ Updating
◦ Destroy or Delete

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 Non-Primitive Data Structure
⚫There are more sophisticated data
structures.
⚫ TheData structures that are derived from the
primitive data structures are called Non-
primitive data structure.
⚫The non-primitive data structures
emphasize on structuring of a group of
homogeneous (same type) or
heterogeneous (different type) data items.

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 Non-Primitive Data Structure
Linear Data structures:
◦ Linear Data structures are kind of data structure that has homogeneous
elements.
◦ The data structure in which elements are in a sequence and form a liner
series.
◦ Linear data structures are very easy to implement, since the memory of
the computer is also organized in a linear fashion.
◦ Some commonly used linear data structures are Stack, Queue and
Linked
Lists.
Non-Linear Data structures:
◦ A Non-Linear Data structures is a data structure in which data item is
connected to several other data items.
◦ Non-Linear data structure may exhibit either a hierarchical relationship or
parent child relationship.
◦ The data elements are not arranged in a sequential structure.
◦ The different non-linear data structures are trees and graphs.
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 Non-Primitive Data Structure
⚫ The most commonly used operation on
data structure are broadly categorized into
following types:
◦ Traversal
◦ Insertion
◦ Selection
◦ Searching
◦ Sorting
◦ Merging
◦ Destroy or Delete

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Different between them
⚫A primitive data structure is generally a
basic structure that is usually built into the
language, such as an integer, a float.

⚫A non-primitive data structure is built

out of primitive data structures linked
together in meaningful ways, such as a or
a linked-list, binary search tree, AVL Tree,
graph etc.

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Description of various
Data Structures : Arrays
⚫An array is defined as a set of finite
number of homogeneous elements
or same data items.
⚫It means an array can contain one type of
data only, either all integer, all float-
point number or all character.

12
One dimensional array:
⚫ An array with only one row or column is called one-dimensional
array.
⚫ It is finite collection of n number of elements of same type such
that:
◦ can be referred by indexing.
◦ The syntax Elements are stored in continuous locations.
◦ Elements x to define one-dimensional array is:
⚫ Syntax: Datatype Array_Name [Size];
⚫ Where,
Datatype : Type of value it can store (Example: int, char, float)
Array_Name: To identify the array.
⚫ Size : The maximum number of elements that the array can hold.

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 Arrays
⚫ Simply, declaration of array is as follows:
int arr[10]
⚫Where int specifies the data type or type
of elements arrays stores.
⚫“arr” is the name of array & the number
specified inside the square brackets is the
number of elements an array can store, this
is also called sized or length of array.

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Represent a Linear Array in
memory
⚫The elements of linear array are
stored in consecutive memory
locations. It is shown below:

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 Arrays
◦ The elements of array will always be stored in the
consecutive (continues) memory location.
◦ The number of elements that can be stored in an
array, that is the size of array or its length is given
by the following equation:
(Upperbound-lowerbound)+1
◦ For the above array it would be (9-0)+1=10,where
0 is the lower bound of array and 9 is the upper
bound of array.
◦ Array can always be read or written through loop.
For(i=0;i<=9;i++)
{ scanf(“%d”,&arr[i]);
printf(“%d”,arr[i]); }
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Arrays
types⚫Single Dimension
Array
◦ Array with one subscript
⚫Two Dimension
Array
◦ Array with two
subscripts (Rows and
Column)
⚫Multi Dimension
Array
◦ Array with Multiple 17
Basic operations of
Arrays
⚫Some common operation
performed on array are:
◦ Traversing
◦ Searching
◦ Insertion
◦ Deletion
◦ Sorting
◦ Merging

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Traversing
Arrays
⚫Traversing: It is used to access each data item exactly once
so
that it can be processed.
E.g.
⚫ We
1 have
2 linear
3 array4A as below:
5
⚫ 10 20 30 40 50

Here we will start from beginning and will go till last element
and during this process we will access value of each element
exactly once as below:

A [1] = 10
A [2] = 20
A [3] = 30
A [4] = 40
A [5] = 50
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 Insertion into
Array
⚫ Insertion: It is used to add a new data item in the given collection
of data items.
E.g.We have linear array A as below:

1 2 3 4 5
10 20 50 30 15

New element to be inserted is 100 and location for insertion is 3. So

shift the elements from 5th location to 3rd location downwards by 1
place.And then insert 100 at 3rd location. It is shown below:

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Deletion from
Array
⚫Deletion: It is used to delete an existing data item from the
given
collection of data items.

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 Searching in
⚫ Arrays
Searching:
given
It is used to find out the location of the data item if it exists in the

collection of data items.

E.g. W1e have linear
2 array 3 4
A as below: 5
15 50 35 20 25

Suppose item to be searched is 20.We will start from beginning and will compare 20 with
each element. This process will continue until element is found or array is finished. Here:
1) Compare 20 with 15
20 # 15, go to next element.
2) Compare 20 with 50
20 # 50, go to next element.

3) Compare 20 with 35
20 #35, go to next element.

4) Compare 20 with 20
20 = 20, so 20 is found and its location is 4.

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Linear
Search

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 Binary
Search
⚫ The binary search
algorithm can be used with
only sorted list of
elements.
⚫ Binary Search first divides
a large array into two
smaller sub-arrays and
then recursively operate
the sub-arrays.
⚫ Binary Search basically
reduces the search space to
half at each step

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Binary
Search

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Binary
Search

26
Searchin
g

27
Sortin
g

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Insertion Sort
⚫ A L G O RIT H M : Insertion Sort (A , N ) A is an array with
N
unsorted elements.
◦ Step 1: for I=1 to N -1
◦ Step 2: J = I
While(J >= 1)
if ( A[J] < A[J-1] ) then
Temp = A[J];
A[J] = A[J-1];
A[J-1] =
Temp;
[End if]
J = J-1
[End of While
loop] [End of For
loop] 29
Merging from
Array
⚫ Merging: It is used to combine the data items of two
sorted
files into single file in the sorted form
1 2
We have 3 linear4 array A5 as below:
sorted 6
10 40 50 80 95 100

And sorted linear array B as below:

1 2 3 4
20 35 45 90

After merging merged array C is as

below:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 20 35 40 45 50 80 90 95 100

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 Two dimensional
array
⚫ A two dimensional array is a collection of elements and
each element is identified by a pair of subscripts. ( A[3]
[3] )
⚫ The elements are stored in continuous memory
locations.
⚫ The elements of two-dimensional array as rows
and
columns.
⚫ The number of rows and columns in a matrix is
called as
the order of the matrixA[0]
and denoted
A[1] A[2]as mxn.
A[0]
⚫ The number of elements 10can be
20 obtained
30 by
multiplying A[1] 40 50 60
number of rows and
A[2] number
70 of
80 columns.
90

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Representation of Two
Dimensional Array:
⚫A is the array of order m x n.To store
m*n number of elements, we need m*n
memory locations.
⚫ The elements should be in contiguous
memory locations.
⚫ There are two
methods: o Row-
major method
o Column-major
method
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Two Dimensional
ARow-Major
⚫ rray: Method: All the first-row elements are stored in
sequential memory locations and then all the second-row
elements are stored and so on. Ex: A[Row][Col]
⚫ Column-Major Method: All the first column elements are
stored in sequential memory locations and then all the second-
column elements are stored and so on. Ex: A [Col][Row]
1000 10 A[0][0] 1000 10 A[0][0]
1002 20 A[0][1] 1002 40 A[1][0]
1004 30 A[0][2] 1004 70 A[2][0]
1006 40 A[1][0] 1006 20 A[0][1]
1008 50 A[1][1] 1008 50 A[1][1]
1010 60 A[1][2] 1010 80 A[2][1]
1012 70 A[2][0] 1012 30 A[0][2]
1014 80 A[2][1] 1014 60 A[1][2]

1016 90 A[2][2] 1016 90 A[2][2]

Row-Major Method Col-Major Method

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Advantages of
Array:
⚫ It is used to represent multiple data items of
same type by using single name.
⚫ It can be used to implement other data
structures like linked lists, stacks, queues, tree,
graphs etc.
⚫ Two-dimensional arrays are used to represent
matrices.
⚫ Many databases include one-dimensional arrays
whose elements are records.

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 Disadvantages of
⚫Array
We must know in advance the how many
elements are to be stored in array.
⚫ Array is static structure. It means that array is
of fixed size. The memory which is allocated
to array cannot be increased or decreased.
⚫ Array is fixed size; if we allocate more memory
than requirement then the memory space will
be wasted.
⚫ The elements of array are stored in consecutive
memory locations. So insertion and deletion
are very difficult and time consuming.
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 Stack
⚫ Stack is a linear data structure which follows
a particular order in which the operations are
performed.
⚫ Insertion of element into stack is called PUSH
and deletion of element from stack is called POP.
⚫ The order may be LIFO(Last In First Out) or
FILO(First In Last Out).

36
Representation of Stack in Memory
⚫The stack can be implemented into
two ways:

◦ Using arrays (Static implementation)

◦ Using pointer (Dynamic
implementation)

37
 Operation on Stacks:
⚫ Stack( ): It creates a new stack that is empty. It
needs no parameter and returns an empty stack.
⚫ push(item): It adds a new item to the top of
the stack.
⚫ pop( ): It removes the top item from the stack.
⚫ peek( ): It returns the top item from the stack
but does not remove it.
⚫ isEmpty( ): It tests whether the stack is empty.
⚫ size( ): It returns the number of items on the
stack.
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Stack
Conditions

39
PUSH
Operation
⚫ The process of adding one element or item to
the stack is represented by an operation called
as the PUSH operation.

40
 PUSH Operation:
⚫ The process of adding one element or item to the stack is
represented by an operation called as the PUSH operation.
⚫ The new element is added at the topmost position of the stack.
ALGORITHM:
PUSH (STACK, TOP, SIZE, ITEM)
STACK is the array with N elements. TOP is the pointer to the top of
the element of the array. ITEM to be inserted.
Step 1: if TOP = N then [Check Overflow]
PRINT “ STACK is Full or Overflow”
Exit
[End if]
Step 2: TOP = TOP + 1 [Increment the TOP]
Step 3: STACK[TOP] = ITEM [Insert the ITEM]
Step 4: Return
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 P O P Operation
The process of deleting one element or item
from the stack is represented by an operation
called as the POP operation.
When elements are removed continuously from a
stack, it shrinks at same end i.e., top

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 P O P Operation
The process of deleting one element or item from the
stack is represented by an operation called as the POP
operation.
ALGORITHM: POP (STACK, TOP, ITEM)
STACK is the array with N elements. TOP is the pointer to the top of
the element of the array. ITEM to be inserted.
Step 1: if TOP = 0 then [Check Underflow] PRINT
“ STACK is Empty or Underflow”
Exit
[End if]
Step 2: ITEM = STACK[TOP] [copy the TOP
Step 3: TOP = TOP - 1 Element] [Decrement
Step 4: Return the TOP]

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 PEEK
Operation
The process of returning the top item from
the stack but does not remove it called as the
POP operation.

ALGORITHM: PEEK (STACK, TOP)

STACK is the array with N elements. TOP is the
pointer to
the top of the element of the array.
Step 1: if TOP = NULL then [Check Underflow]
PRINT “ STACK is Empty or
Underflow”
Exit
[End if]
Step 2: Return (STACK[TOP] [Return the top
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 Application of Stacks
⚫ It is used to reverse a word. You push a given word to stack
– letter by letter and then pop letter from the stack.
⚫ “Undo” mechanism in text editor.
⚫ Backtracking: This is a process when you need to access
the most recent data element in a series of elements. Once
you reach a dead end, you must backtrack.
⚫ Language Processing: Compiler’ syntax check for
matching braces in implemented by using stack.
⚫ Conversion of decimal number to binary.
⚫ To solve tower of Hanoi.
⚫ Conversion of infix expression into prefix and postfix.
⚫ Quick sort
⚫ Runtime memory management.
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 Arithmetic Expression
⚫ An expression is a combination of operands and
operators that after evaluation results in a single value.
· Operand consists of constants and variables.
· Operators consists of {, +, -, *, /, ), ] etc.
⚫ Expression can be
Infix Expression: If an operator is in between two operands, it is called
infix expression.
⚫ Example: a + b, where a and b are operands and + is an operator.
Postfix Expression: If an operator follows the two operands, it is called
postfix expression.
⚫ Example: ab +
Prefix Expression: an operator precedes the two operands, it is called
prefix expression.
⚫ Example: +ab
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Arithmetic Expression

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 Queue
⚫ A queue is an ordered collection of items where an
item is inserted at one end called the “rear” and
an existing item is removed at the other end, called
the “front”.
⚫ Queue is also called as FIFO list i.e. First-In
First- Out.
⚫ In the queue only two operations are allowed
enqueue and dequeue.
⚫ Enqueue means to insert an item into back of
the queue.
⚫ Dequeue means removing the front item.The people
standing in a railway reservation row are an
example of queue.

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Queue
⚫ Thequeue can be implemented into
two ways:
◦ Using arrays (Static implementation)
◦ Using pointer (Dynamic
implementation)

49
Types of
Queues
⚫Q ueue can be of four
types: o Simple Queue
o Circular Queue
o Priority Queue
o De-queue ( Double
Ended Queue)

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 Simple Queue
⚫ Simple Queue: In simple queue insertion
occurs at the rear end of the list and
deletion occurs at the front end of the list.

51
 Circular Queue
⚫CircularQueue: A circular queue is a queue
in which all nodes are treated as circular
such that the last node follows the first node.

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 Priority Queue
⚫A priority queue is a queue that contains
items that have some present priority. An
element can be inserted or removed from
any position depending upon some
priority.

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 Dequeue Queue
⚫Dequeue: It is a queue in which
insertion and deletion takes place at the
both ends.

54
 Operation on Queues
⚫ Queue( ): It creates a new queue that is
empty.
⚫ enqueue(item): It adds a new item to the rear
of the queue.
⚫ dequeue( ): It removes the front item from
the queue.
⚫ isEmpty( ): It tests to see whether the queue
is empty.
⚫ size( ): It returns the number of items in the
queue.
55
Memory Representation of a queue
using array
⚫ Queue is represented in memory using linear
array.
⚫ Let QUEUE is a array, two pointer variables
called FRONT and REAR are maintained.
⚫ The pointer variable FRONT contains the location of the
element to be removed or deleted.
⚫ The pointer variable REAR contains location of the last
element inserted.
⚫ The condition FRONT = NULL indicates that queue is
empty.
⚫ The condition REAR = N-1 indicates that queue is full.

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Memory Representation of a queue
using array

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 Queue Insertion
Operation (ENQUEUE):
⚫ ALGORITHM: ENQUEUE (QUEUE, REAR, FRONT, ITEM)
QUEUE is the array with N elements. FRONT is the pointer that contains the
location of the element to be deleted and REAR contains the location of the
inserted element. ITEM is the element to be inserted.
Step 1: if REAR = N-1 then [Check Overflow]
PRINT “QUEUE is Full or
Overflow”
Exit [End if]
Step 2: if FRONT = NULL then [Check Whether Queue is
empty] FRONT = -1
REAR = -1
else
REAR = REAR + 1 [Increment REAR Pointer]
Step 3: QUEUE[REAR] = ITEM [Copy ITEM to REAR position]
Step 4: Return
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 Queue Deletion Operation
(DEQUEUE)
ALGORITHM: DEQUEUE (QUEUE, REAR, FRONT, ITEM)
QUEUE is the array with N elements. FRONT is the pointer that contains the
location of the element to be deleted and REAR contains the location of the
inserted element. ITEM is the element to be inserted.
Step 1: if FRONT = NULL then [Check Whether Queue is
empty] PRINT “QUEUE is Empty or Underflow”
Exit [End
if]
Step 2:
ITEM =
QUEUE[F
RONT]
Step 3: if FRONT = REAR then [if QUEUE has only one
element] FRONT = NULL
REAR = NULL
Step
else 4: Return
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Application of
Queue
⚫Simulation
⚫Various features of Operating system
⚫Multi-programming platform systems.
⚫Different types of scheduling algorithms
⚫Round robin technique algorithms
⚫Printer server routines
⚫Various application software’s is also
based on queue data structure.

60
 Lists
⚫A lists (Linear linked list) can be defined as a
collection of variable number of data
items called nodes.
⚫ Lists are the most commonly used
non- primitive data structures.
⚫ Each nodes is divided into two parts:
◦ The first part contains the information of
the element.
◦ o The second part contains the memory address
of the next node in the list. Also called Link part.

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 Lists
⚫ Types of linked lists:

◦ Single linked list

◦ Doubly linked list
◦ Single circular linked list
◦ Doubly circular linked
list

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 Single linked list
A singly linked list contains two fields in each node - an
information field and the linked field.
•The information field contains the data of that node.
•The link field contains the memory address of the next node.
There is only one link field in each node, the linked list is
called singly linked list.

63
 Single circular linked list
The link field of the last node contains the
memory address of the first node, such a linked
list is called circular linked list.
· In a circular linked list every node is
accessible from a given node.

64
 Doubly linked
list
It is a linked list in which each node is points both to the
next node and also to the previous node.
⚫ In doubly linked list each node contains three parts:
◦ FORW : It is a pointer field that contains the address of the next node
◦ BACK: It is a pointer field that contains the address of the
previous node.
◦ INFO: It contains the actual data.
⚫ In the first node, if BACK contains NULL, it indicated that it is the
first
node in the list.
⚫ The node in which FORW contains, NULL indicates that the node is the
last node.

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Doubly circular linked
list

66
Operation on Linked
List
⚫The operation that are performed
on linked lists are:
◦ Creating a linked list
◦ Traversing a linked list
◦ Inserting an item into a linked list.
◦ Deleting an item from the linked list.
◦ Searching an item in the linked list
◦ Merging two or more linked lists.

67
 Creating a linked
⚫ list
The nodes of a linked list can be created by
the following structure declaration.
struct Node
{
int info;
struct Node *link;
}*node1, node2;
⚫ Here info is the information field and link is the link
field.
⚫ The link field contains a pointer variable that refers the same
node structure. Such a reference is called as Self addressing
pointer. 68
Operator new and
delete
⚫Operators new allocate memory
space.
◦ O perators new [ ] allocates memory
space for array.
⚫Operators
delete deallocate
memory space.
◦ Operators delete [ ] deallocate
memory space for array.

69
 Traversing a linked list:
⚫ Traversing is the process of accessing each node of the
linked list exactly once to perform some operation.
⚫ ALGORITHM: TRAVERS (START, P) START contains
the address of the first node. Another pointer p is
temporarily used to visit all the nodes from the beginning to
the end of the linked list.
Step 1: P = START
Step 2: while P != NULL
Step 3: PROCESS data (P) [Fetch the data]
Step 4: P = link(P) [Advance P to next
Step 5: End of while node]
Step 6: Return

70
Inserting a node into
the linked list
⚫ Inserting a node at the beginning of
the linked list
⚫ Inserting a node at the given
position.
⚫ Inserting a node at the end of the
linked list.

71
 Inserting node at
Fronta node at the beginning of the linked list
Inserting
1. Create a node.
2. Fill data into the data field of the new node.
3. Mark its pointer field as NULL
4. Attach this newly created node to START
5. Make the new node as the START node.

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Inserting node at
Front
⚫ALGORITHM: INS_BEG (START, P)
START contains the address of the first
node.
Step 1: P new Node;
Step 2: data(P) num;
Step 3: link(P) STAR
Step 4: START T P
Step 5: Return

73
Inserting node at
Last

74
Inserting node at
Last
⚫ ALGORITHM: INS_END (START, P) START contains
the address of the first node.
Step 1: START
Step 2: P START [identify the last node]
while P!= null
P

next (P) End

Step 4: while
data(N)
Step 3:Step
item; N 5: link(N)
new
Node;
null Step 6: link(P) N
Step 7: Return 75
 Inserting node at a given
Position INS_POS (START, P) START contains the
ALGORITHM:
address of the first node.
Step 1: START else if
(POS<=Count) Step 2: P START [Initialize
node] Count 0 For(i=1;
P Start i<=pos; i++)
Step 3: while P!= null P
count count+1 next(P);
P next (P) end for N new node
[create]
End while data(N) item;
Step 4: if (POS=1) link(N) link(P)
Call function INS_BEG( ) link(P) N
else if (POS=Count +1) else
Call function INS_END( ) PRINT “Invalid position”
Step 5: Return
76
 Deleting an
⚫node
Deleting an item from the linked
list:
o Deletion of the first node
o Deletion of the last node
o Deletion of the node at the give
position

77
 Deleting node from
end
ALGORITHM: DEL_END (P1, P2, START) This used two
pointers P1 and P2. Pointer P2 is used to traverse the linked list
and pointer P1 keeps the location of the previous node of P2.
Step 1: START
Step 2: P2 START;
Step 3: while ( link(P2) ! = NULL)
P1 P2
P2

link(P2) While
Step 5: end
link(P1) NULL
Step 4: PRINT Free(P2)
data(p2)
Step 6: STOP

78
Deleting node from
end

79
 Non-Linear Data structures
⚫A Non-Linear Data structures is a data
structure in which data item is connected to
several other data items.
⚫ The data items in non-linear data structure
represent hierarchical relationship.
⚫ Each data item is called node.
⚫ The different non-linear data structures
are
◦ Trees
◦ Graphs.
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 Trees
⚫A treeis a data structure consisting of nodes
organized as a hierarchy.
⚫ Tree is a hierarchical data structure which stores the
information naturally in the form of hierarchy
style.
⚫ It is a non-linear data structure compared to arrays,
linked lists, stack and queue.
⚫ It represents the nodes connected by edges.

81
Terminology of a Tree

82
 Binary Tree
⚫ A binary tree is an ordered tree in which each internal node
can have maximum of two child nodes connected to it.
⚫ A binary tree consists of:
◦ A node ( called the root node)
◦ Left and right sub trees.
⚫ A Complete binary tree is a binary tree in which each leaf is at the
same
⚫ distance from the root i.e. all the nodes have maximum two subtrees.

Binary tree using array represents a node

which is numbered sequentially level by
level from left to right. Even empty nodes
are numbered.
83
Graph
⚫ Graph is a mathematical non-linear data
structure capable of representing many kind
of physical structures.
⚫ A graph is a set of vertices and edges
which connect them.
⚫ A graph is a collection of nodes called vertices
and the connection between them called
edges.
⚫ Definition: A graph G(V,E) is a set of vertices
V and a set of edges E.

84
 Graph

⚫Example of graph:

6
v2 v5
v1 v3
10

v1 8 11
15
9 v2
v3 v4 v4

[a] Directed & [b] Undirected Graph

Weighted Graph 85
Graph
⚫An edge connects a pair of vertices and
many have weight such as length, cost
and another measuring instrument for
according the graph.
⚫Vertices on the graph are shown as point
or circles and edges are drawn as arcs
or line segment.

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Graph
⚫Types of Graphs:
◦ Directed graph
◦ Undirected
graph
◦ Simple graph
◦ Weighted
graph
◦ Connected
graph
◦ Non- 87
Thank
you

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