CSE310: Programming in Java

Fundamentals of Programming in Java

 Naming Conventions
 Use lowercase for variables and methods. If a name consists of several
words, concatenate them into one, making the first word lowercase and
capitalizing the first letter of each subsequent word—for example, the
variables radius and area and the method print.
 Capitalize the first letter of each word in a class name—for example, the
class names : ComputeArea and System.
 Capitalize every letter in a constant, and use underscores between words
—for example, the constants PI and MAX_VALUE.
It is important to follow the naming conventions to make your programs
easy to read.
 Identifiers
 A name in a program is called an identifier.
 Identifiers can be used to denote classes, methods,
variables, and labels.
 An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of
uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, or the
underscore and dollar-sign characters.
 An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore
(_), or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
Example: number, Number, sum_$, bingo, $$_100
 Keywords
Keywords are reserved identifiers that are predefined in the
language.

Cannot be used as names for a variable, class, or method.

All the keywords are in lowercase.

There are 50 keywords currently defined in the Java language.

The keywords const and goto are reserved but not used.

true, false, and null are also reserved.

 Numeric literals
A literal is a constant value that appears directly in a program.
Integer literals(2,98,-45 etc.)

Floating point literals(2.34f,4.675d)

Scientific notations(1.2345e2,1.5678e-2)
 Other literals
Boolean literals: true and false
Character literals: Always enclosed in single quotes, e.g. ‘A’, ’@’
String literals: Always enclosed in double quotes
““,e.g. “Programming”, “Hello”
Data types in Java
Storage size and default values
 Ranges
Integers:

Floating-point types:
 Ranges
Character:
 Java uses Unicode to represent characters
 Unicode defines a fully international character set that can represent
all of the characters found in all human languages.
 At the time of Java's creation, Unicode required 16 bits. Thus, in Java
char is a 16-bit type. The range of a char is 0 to 65,536.
 Type conversion and Casting
 It is fairly common to assign a value of one type to a variable of another
type. If the two types are compatible, then Java will perform the conversion
automatically.
 When one type of data is assigned to another type of variable, an automatic
type conversion will take place if the following two conditions are met:
• The two types are compatible.
• The destination type is larger than the source type.
 When these two conditions are met, a widening conversion takes place. For
example, the int type is always large enough to hold all valid byte values, so
no explicit cast statement is required.
 if we try to assign int typed value(larger ranged value) to byte(smaller
ranged value), error would arise.[As here we are doing wrong assignment,
so java compiler will not perform narrowing automatically]
 If we want to perform narrowing, we need to use explicit type casting
 More points
In java the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no
automatic conversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean.
Also, char and boolean are not compatible with each other.
Examples: Type conversion and casting
Example 1:
byte x=123;
int y=x;[Widening-Type conversion]//No error
Example 2:
int y=123;
byte x=y;[Error-Incompatible types]
Example 3:
int y=123;
byte x=(int)y;[Narrowing-Using cast expression]//No error
Automatic type promotions in java
Java defines several type promotion rules that apply to expressions. They
are as follows:
 First, all byte, short, and char values are promoted to int, as just
described.
 Then, if one operand is a long, the whole expression is promoted to long.
 If one operand is a float, the entire expression is promoted to float.
 If any of the operands are double, the result is double.
public class Promote {
Example-Type promotion
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte b = 42;
char c = 'a';
short s = 1024;
int i = 50000;
float f = 5.67f;
double d = .1234;
double result = (f * b) + (i / c) - (d * s);
System.out.println((f * b) + " + " + (i / c) + " - " + (d * s));
}
In the first subexpression, f * b, b is promoted to a float and the result of the subexpression
is float. Next, in the subexpression i/c, c is promoted to int, and the result is of type int.
Then, in d * s, the value of s is promoted to double, and the type of the subexpression is
double. Finally, these three intermediate values, float, int, and double, are considered. The
outcome of float plus an int is a float. Then the resultant float minus the last double is
promoted to double, which is the type for the final result of the expression.

promoted to double, which is the type for the final result of the expression.
 Writing Your First Java Program

• class MyJavaProgram
• {
• public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println(“Have fun in Java…”);
}
• }
• Understanding first java program
• Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[],
System.out.println().
• class keyword is used to declare a class in java.
• public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is
visible to all.
• static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static
method. The core advantage of static method is that there is no need to create
object to invoke the static method. The main method is executed by the JVM, so it
doesn't require to create object to invoke the main method. So it saves memory.
• void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return any value.
• main represents startup of the program.
• String[] args is used for command line argument.
• System.out.println() is used print statement.
•
• System.out.println is a Java statement that prints the argument passed, into
the System.out which is generally stdout.
• System is a Class
• out is a Static Member Field
• println() is a method
• System is a class in the java.lang package . The out is a static member of the System
class, and is an instance of java.io.PrintStream . The println is a method of
java.io.PrintStream. This method is overloaded to print message to output destination,
which is typically a console or file.
• class System {
• public static final PrintStream out;
• //...
• }
the System class belongs to java.lang package

class PrintStream{
public void println();
//...
}
the Prinstream class belongs to java.io package
Compiling and Executing Java Program
Step-1: Save your file with .java extension.
• Example: Program1.java

NOTE: If the class is public then the file name MUST BE same as
the name of the class.

Step-2: Compile your .Java file using javac compiler from the
location where the file is saved.

javac Program1.java
Compiling and Executing Java Program

Step-3: Execute your java class which contains the following

method: public static void main(String args[]) {}

java MyJavaProgram
 Q1
Which of the following is an invalid identifier?
A. $abc
B. _abc
C. abc_pqr
D. #abc
 Q2
Which of the following is valid identifier name?
A. abc#pqr
B. 1abc
C. a$b
D. @abc
 Q3
What will be the output of following code?
public class abc2
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
long x=123;
int y=x;
System.out.println(y);
}
}
A. 123
B. 123000
C. Compile time error
D. 0
 Q4
What will be the output of following code?
public class abc2
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double x=123.56;
int y=(int)x;
System.out.println(y);
}
}
A. 123.0
B. 123
C. Compile time error
D. Runtime error
 Q5
What will be the output of following code?
public class abc2
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
byte a=127;
a++;
System.out.println(a);
}
}
A. 128
B. -128
C. 0
D. Compile time error
 Q6
Output?
public class abc2
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
char x=65;
System.out.println(x);
}
}
A. A
B. 65
C. Garbage value
D. Some special character will be printed
 What will be the output of following code?(Q7)

public class First

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=0xC;
int b=0b1111;
System.out.println(a+" "+b);
}
}
A. 12 14
B. 11 10
C. Error
D. 12 15
 Q8
The smallest integer type is.........and its size is.......bits.
A.short, 8
B.byte, 8
C.short, 16
D.short, 16
 Q9
In Java,the word true is
A. A Java keyword
B. A Boolean literal
C. Same as value 1
D. Same as value 0
 Q10
Automatic type conversion in Java takes place when
A. Two type are compatible and size of destination type is shorter
than source type.
B. Two type are incompatible and size of destination type is equal of
source type.
C. Two type are compatible and size of destination type is larger than
source type.
D. All of the above
 Q11

A.50
B.10
C.Compilation Error
D.None of these
 Q12

A. 14 21
B. 14 13
C. Compilation fails with an error at line 6
D. Compilation fails with an error at line 4