Cultural and Values Orientations

Cultural and Values Orientations
Introduction
• Culture provides the overall framework for

human to organize their thought emotions
values, symbols, beliefs and the process
that are learned shared by a group of
people and transmitted from generation to
generation.
Example ;
Some cultures values assertiveness ,while
others hold the value of Harmony in greeter
esteem.
HOFTSEDES CULTURAL DIMENSION
• Hofstedes (1980)compared work related attitudes

in IBM across more than 53different culture and
identified the four consistent cultural individualism-
collectivism ,masculinity -feminity power distance,
and Uncertainty avoidance .dimension influencing
the behaviours 160,000 manager and employee .
• The concept of dimensions of the national
cultures has been applied in various
disciplines ,including intercultural training cross
cultural psychology management and leadership
Individualism –Collectivism
• Individual Dimension –describe the

relationship between the individual and the
groups to which he/she belongs are
encourage to pursue and develop their
abilities and aptitudes
• Collectivistic Dimension –emphasized
values that serve and preserve the in
group by subordinating personal goals to
this end.
Individualism –Collectivism
Group membership is more important than

individuality and people are expected to be
independent and show conformity to in group
norm and values .
• In collectivistic culture people do not see
themselves as isolated individuals but as
interdependent with others ,
Characterized by extended primary groups
such as family ,neighbourhood or
occupational group
Individualism and Collectivism
Example;
Collectivist values are evident in many
traditional chinesse performance such as
dragon dance which requires the close
cooperation of the group rather than
exceptional skills by individual.
Masculinity and Fimenity
• Masculinity and Feminity demension
describe how a cultures dominant values are
assertive or maturing .In Masculine cultures
people strive for maximal distinction between
how men and women expective to think
behave culture labels as feminine are those
that permit more overlapping social roles for
the sexes and places high value on feminine
treats such as quality of life interpersonal
relationship and concern for the weak?
Masculinity and Feminity
Example;
Culture it is acceptable for the wife to go out
the work while the husband going the homes
minding the children and taking care of
domestic core
Power Distance
• Power distance –refers to the extent to

which a culture tolerates in equality in
power distribution in culture with a larger
power distance inequalities among people
are both expected and desires
Example;
In Thailand where a status hierarchy its
observe people are expected to display
respect to monks by greetings and talking
Power distance
• Power distance –refers to the Extent to which
power prestage and wealth are distributed within
a culture .culture with the high power distance
have power and influence concentrated in the
hands of a few rather than distributed through
the population .
• Low power distance - culture are characterized
by Horizontal social relationship people in these
culture tend to minimize difference of age,
sex ,status ,and roles social interaction are more
direct and less formal.
Uncertainty Avoidance
• The uncertainty avoidance dimension-

reflect culture tolerance of ambiguity and
acceptance of risk some culture have a
high need for information and certainty
whereas others culture seem to be more
comportable dweling with the diversity and
ambiguity .In high uncertainty avoidance
culture people are active and security
seeking culture weak in Uncertainity
contemplative less aggressive .
Uncertainty Avoidance
• Low uncertainty –avoidance culture are

more comfortable with risk and able to
cope with the stress and anxiety that it
cause .
Long term vs.Short term orientation
• Is concern with values and social relations long

term orientation was identified in international
study with chinesse employee and
maneger .people with long term orientation tend
to be dedicated ,motivated, responsible ,educated
individual with sense of commitment and
organizitional identity and loyalty
• Short term-which characterize western culture is
consistent with spending the up with social
pressure less saving and preference for quick
result.
High and Low Context Cultural Dimension
• Hall (1977)divided culture into High and

Low context .this Dimension which gather
information from the physical social
psychological context of an interaction
context as opposed to the explicit verbal
codes (Low context)this dimension
represent contiousness which some
culture.
• Low context and High context refers the
fact
High and Low Context Cultural Dimension
when people communicate they take for

granted how much the listener knows very
little and must be told practically everything
• High context communication -the listener
is already contexted and does not to given
much background information.

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• Culture provides the overall framework for

• Hofstedes (1980)compared work related attitudes

• Individual Dimension –describe the

Group membership is more important than

• Power distance –refers to the extent to

• The uncertainty avoidance dimension-

• Low uncertainty –avoidance culture are

• Is concern with values and social relations long

• Hall (1977)divided culture into High and

when people communicate they take for

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