By

ARMANDO S. VINOYA, Ph.D.

Human Body Systems
You Can’t Have One Without The Other

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 Body Systems Work Together
If you damage one system, you may damage
several like smoking which irritates the lungs and
also destroys the cells of the immune system

Ardi Rizal
2 years old
Musi Banyuasin,
Indonesia
May 2010
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If you get excited, the nervous system works
with the circulatory system by increasing
your heart rate.

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AIDS destroys the Immune System

As a result you may get:

1. pneumonia (respiratory ),
2. yeast infection (reproductive ),
3. Candida affecting esophagus (digestive)
4. Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary).

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 The Human Body Team

How does the body get the systems to work together?

To answer this question, we need to recall the

organizational structure of multicellular organisms.
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 Levels Of Organization

ATOMS CELLS TISSUES

ORGAN ORGANS
ORGANISM
SYSTEM 7
The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues

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 ORGAN
A group of tissues that work
together to perform closely
related functions.

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Organ A group of organs that work together
to perform a single function
System .

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There are 11 organ systems in the human body

1. Integumentary System
2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System
5. Endocrine System
6. Cardiovascular System
7. Lymphatic & Immune System
8. Respiratory System
9. Digestive System
10. Urinary System
11. Reproductive System 11
 Skeletal System
Your skeleton has five major
functions.

• It provides shape and

support
• Enables you to move
• Protects your internal organs
• Produces blood cells
• Stores certain materials until your
body needs them
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Major Organs of the Skeletal System

• Bones
• Tendons connect bones to muscles.
• Ligaments connect bone to bone.
• Cartilage cushions places where
bones connect and offers flexibility.

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 Muscular System
Your muscles control all
movements of the body tissues,
organs and bones.

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 Major Tissues of the
Muscular System
Your body has
three types of
Muscle tissue.

• skeletal muscle
• smooth muscle
• cardiac muscle

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 Circulatory System aka
Cardiovascular System
The main functions is to transport

• Oxygen
• Nutrients
• Waste

throughout the body

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The main parts of the
Circulatory System are:
• Heart
• Blood Vessels
• Blood

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 Respiratory System
Your respiratory
system moves
oxygen from the
outside environment
into your body. It
also removes carbon
dioxide and water
from your body.

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 The Main Parts of the
Respiratory system are:

• Nose
• Mouth
• Trachea
• Lungs
• Diaphragm

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 The Digestive System
• The main functions of the digestive
system

• Breaks down food into molecules the

body can absorb.

• Passes these molecules into the blood to

be carried throughout the body.

• Eliminates solid wastes from the body.

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The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:

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 The Excretory System
Your excretory system collects wastes
produced by cells and removes these
wastes from your body. The removal
process is known as excretion.

• Each kidney is about 4 ½

inches long

• Weight is 4 – 6 ounces

• The urine output varies from

1 to 2 liters per day. 22
The Main Parts of the Excretory
System

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 Integumentary System
(it’s your skin)
Your Skin has many important functions:

• Covers body and prevents water loss.

• Protects body from injury and infection.
• Helps regulate body temperature.
• Eliminate wastes
• Gathers information about the environment
• Produce vitamin D
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 Major Parts of the
Integumentary System
•Skin
•Hair
•Nails

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 Immune System
• It’s role is to protect
you from foreign
invaders.

Special cells react to each

kind of pathogen with
defensive tactics targeted
specifically at that type of
pathogen.

• A pathogen is a
bacterium, virus, or other
microorganism that can
cause disease.
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 Specialized Immune System Cells
•White blood cells that target specific
pathogens are called lymphocytes.
• T-cells and B-cells are two major types of
lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job.

B- Cells

T- Cells
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 What are Antibodies?
• Antibodies are special proteins that
recognize and defeat invading
pathogens.

• Antibodies are made by the B-cells.

• Once a pathogen is encountered by

the B-cells it memorizes it and next
time it encounters the pathogen it
will have antibodies ready to fight
the pathogen.
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 What are Antigens?
An antigen is any substance that when
introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an antibody immune
response.

Antigens include:

 Toxins
 Bacteria
 Foreign blood cells
 Cells of transplanted organs.
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 What is Immunity?
• Immunity is a state in which the body has
sufficient defenses to fight infection, disease or
invasion by pathogens.

• Non- Specific Immunity refers to the

defenses that are in place at all times and are
not specific to the pathogen to which the
system is responding.

• Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and

ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes.
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Specific Immunity is a specific antibody
response to the pathogen and has been acquired
in one of several ways.

• Antibodies were transferred from mother to

fetus across the placenta.

• Antibodies were transferred through breast

milk from mother to child.

• Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure

to the pathogen.

• Antibodies were be built up through a

vaccination process.
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 What is a Vaccination?
• Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is
weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT contain the type of germ
that makes you sick.

• Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes
your body's immune system build antibodies to it.

• Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and some

thorough a nasal spray.

• In the US children are vaccinated before they can enter

school for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B,
Diphtheria, and Tetanus 32
 Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is an
extensive drainage
network that helps keep
bodily fluid levels in
balance and defends the
body against infections.

It filters out organisms

that cause disease,
produces certain white
blood cells and generates
antibodies 33
 Major Parts of the
Lymphatic System
• It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels
that carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid that
contains protein molecules, salts, glucose,
urea, and other substances — throughout the
body.

• It works closely with the immune system and

the circulatory system.

• The Spleen stores many of the white blood

cells needed for the immune response. 34
 Regents Practice Question
A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus
could cause
 
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus

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 Regents Practice Question
A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus
could cause
 
(1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus
(2) an increase in milk production in the mother
(3) gamete production to increase
(4) an infection in the fetus

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 Regents Practice Question

It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu

complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will
produce
 
(1) antigens to fight the flu virus
(2) antibodies against the flu virus
(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus
(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus

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 Regents Practice Question

It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu

complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will
produce
 
(1) antigens to fight the flu virus
(2) antibodies against the flu virus
(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus
(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus

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 Endocrine System
1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands
that secrete special proteins called hormones.

2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream

and they travel to the target cells or organs.

3. The main function of the endocrine system is to

maintain a stable environment within the body or
homeostasis.

4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:

 Growth
 Sexual development
 Metabolism
 Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood
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 Glands and Hormones
Gland Hormone Produced Effects

Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone Acts on the kidney to

regulate fluid balance
Pituitary 9 different hormones Growth and regulates other
glands
Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism

Pancreas Insulin & glucagon Blood sugar

Adrenal Epinephrine Heart rate & blood

pressure
Testes Testosterone Sperm & male
characteristics
Ovaries Estrogen & progesterone Eggs & female
characteristics 41
 Regents Practice Question

The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is
received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target
cells will

(1) produce their own chemical messages

(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism
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 Regents Practice Question

The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is
received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target
cells will

(1) produce their own chemical messages

(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism
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 Feedback Mechanisms
Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system
through the use of various feedback mechanisms.

 A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological

reaction is actually being controlled by the end products
of that reaction.

Negative feedback loop are most common.

• original stimulus reversed
• most feedback systems in the body are negative
• used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

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 Parts of a Negative Feedback Loop
Receptor
Structures that monitor a
controlled condition and detect changes

Control center
determines next action

Effector
receives directions from the
control center produces a
response that restores the
controlled condition
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 HOME HEATING SYSTEM
Thermostat detects a
temperature lower than
the desired value.

Furnace
Furnace
Turns
Turns
On
Off
Thermostat detects a
temperature higher
than the desired value.

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 BODY TEMPERATURE
Brain senses a drop in
body temperature

Impulses Impulses
sent to sent to
muscles to muscles to
begin stop
shivering shivering

Brain detects increase

in body temperature

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REGENTS PRACTICE QUESTION
Activities in the human body are
represented in the diagram

Which title would be appropriate for

the diagram?

(1) Rate of Excretion Varies in

Response to Intake of Water

(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to

Maintain Homeostasis

(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an

Increase in Muscle Activity

(4) The Nervous System Responds

to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels
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REGENTS PRACTICE QUESTION
Activities in the human body are
represented in the diagram

Which title would be appropriate for

the diagram?

(1) Rate of Excretion Varies in

Response to Intake of Water

(2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to

Maintain Homeostasis

(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an

Increase in Muscle Activity

(4) The Nervous System Responds

to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels
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GLUCOSE FEEDBACK LOOP
1. What happens to a
person’s blood glucose level
after eating?

2.What 2 hormones does the

pancreas secrete?

3.Which hormone lowers

glucose levels?

4. Which hormone raises

glucose levels?

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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a
disease in which
bones become fragile
and more likely to
break. If not
prevented or if left
untreated,
osteoporosis can
progress painlessly
until a bone breaks.
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