Chapter 02 Sensation

Chapter 02
Sensation
Here starts the
lesson!
01
Types of Sensation
Sensation & its types
● Sensation is the first response of the organism to stimulus and
is a step in the direction of perception.
● Sensation is not separate from perception because
● Perception =Sensation +its meaning
● Sensation felt through five sense organs----- eyes, ears, nose,
tongue and skin
● These are called organic senses.
Stimuli with sense organs
Sense Adequate Stimuli Sense Organs Sensation
Vision Light waves 380 to Eyes Colors, Shapes,

760 nm Textures
Audition Sound waves 20- Ears Tones, Sound
20,000 Hz
Olfaction Chemical molecules Nose Odour, Aroma
or odour molecules
Gustation Soluble chemical Tongue Flavors (sweet, sour,
substances bitter, salty)
Cutaneous External contact Skin Touch, warmth, cold,

pain, & pressure
● Vision starts with light, Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation waves which are measured in
wavelengths. The range of wavelengths that humans are sensitive to—called the visual spectrum —is
relatively small.
● Many nonhuman species have different capabilities. For instance, some reptiles and fish sense energies
of longer wavelengths than humans do, and certain insects sense energies of shorter wavelengths than
humans do. For example, bees are attracted to flowers that reflect ultraviolet rays that humans can’t
detect.
Visual Sensation
• Of all the senses, the sensation of sight is the most urgent
for survival.
• It is at the same time, most precious possession of human
beings.
• Our eyes detect the presence of light in form of
electromagnetic radiation.
• Electromagnetic radiation with wavelength of between 380
to 760 nm is visible
Visual Sensation
• The human eye is the most complex sense organ.
• Each eye is about 25mm in diameter and weighs about 7
gm.
• In certain respects the eye can be compared with a camera.
• The physical sensation of light from environment are
collected by the visual receptors located in the eye.
Visual Sensation
• The first step in the process of vision is the eyes. The eyes focus light,
control how much light enters the eye and the directs that light onto
visual receptors in the retina
• Our eye consist of the following parts:
(i). Socket
• It is the case that lodges the eye. It is oval in shape. This
indeed protects the eye ball from external injuries and below.
• It is lined with fatty tissues which provide cushion to the eyeball
and allow its free movement.
Visual Sensation
(ii). Eye-lids and Eye lashes
• The eye opens in order to receive the light in.
• Nature has designed the eye lids to protect the eyeball
from any injury and they can covers to the eyeballs.
• At the end of Eye-lids, there are long hairs called
eyelashes.
• The function of eye-lashes is to protect the eyeballs
from the entry of any external material.
Visual Sensation
(a). Outer layer
• The entire eyeball is covered by two coats.
• The outer layer is called the sclerotic coat.
• The sclerotic coat is hard in texture and whitish in
color.
• It gives protection to the inner structure of the eye and
maintains its shapes.
Visual Sensation
(a). Outer layer
• Cornea
• The eye’s transparent outer coating.
• It is the hard transparent area situated at the front of
the eye that allows the light to pass into the eye.
• It can be seen and touched from outside.
• Provide protection to the eye.
Visual Sensation
IRIS
• Colored part of your eye. It contains bunch of muscles.
• In the center of the iris, there is hole or opening called the

Pupil, which increase or decrease in size because the Iris is
cable of contraction and expansion.
• Light rays first pass through cornea; transparent protective
structure and then enter the eye through pupil
• Iris adjust the amount of light that enters by constricting or
dilating the pupil.
• .
Visual Sensation
• Pupil is an opening in the eye; just behind the cornea,
through which light rays enter the eye.
• Dark situation: pupil gets as large as possible
• Bright situation: pupil gets smaller
• Lens
• Disc behind pupil.
• Lens helps to direct the light onto back of the eye.
• (It is curved structure behind the pupil that bends light
rays , focusing them on retina)
Visual Sensation
Ciliary muscles:
• It focuses automatically by altering its surfaces or curvatures by
means of contraction and expansion of Ciliary Muscles.
• (older age focal point become rigid)
• Aqueous humor
• The space between the lens and the cornea is filled with a clear
watery fluid called Aqueous Humor.
Visual Sensation
(The Retina is the innermost coat of the eye (back of the
eye)
• Retina is the surface at the back of the eye containing
the rods & Cones.
• It receives information about light using Rods &
Cones.
• Rods & Cones are receptor cells for vision.
• Retina has shape of cup that is enclosed by the
transparent jelly-like fluid called the Vitreous Humor.
Visual Sensation
Rods:
• assist in the vision of dim light because rods’
sensitivity increases with the decrease in the intensity
or strength of light.
• Rods are color blind and works when the object is
colorless.
Visual Sensation
Cones:
• Cones are visual receptor cells that are important in
daylight and color vision. Cones More highly
developed cells than the rods.
• They provide us with color vision and help us to make
fine discriminations.
• Cones are mostly (approximately 120 million)located
in the central part of the retina, called Fovea, function
best in bright light and color vision.
Visual Sensation
Vitreous Humor gives shape and firmness to the eye and
keeps the Retina in contact with the two coats-----the
middle coat and the innermost coat.
Blind spot & Fovea
• The optic nerve enters the back of the eye ball. In the
center of this place is a point called blind spot.
• Whenever the light rays fall on this spot, no sensation
of sight takes place.
• This spot is at the back of the retina through which
optic nerve exists the eye.
• The exit point contains no rods or cones and is
therefore insensitive to light.
Blind spot & Fovea
• At the center of the back of the eyeball, exactly
opposite to the pupil and very near to the bind spot , is
another round spot called the Yellow spot or Fovea.
• Fovea is a tiny spot in the center of the retina that
contains only cones where cones are highly
concentrated.
• Visual activity is best here.
• When you need to focus something, you attempt to
bring the image into fovea.
Process of Vision
Cornea--------Pupil & lens-------
Retina------Optic Nerve--------Occipital lobe.
(cerebral cortex)
Light rays enter the eye through Cornea and pass
through the pupil and the lens then reach the retina.
From the retina, optic nerve carries the impression to the
brain, where it gives rise to sensation of vision or sight.
Optic nerve ----bundle of nerve fibers at the back side of
the which carry visual information to the brain.
Sense of Audition
▪ Audition
▪ the sense of hearing
▪ Frequency
▪ the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in
a given time
▪ Pitch
▪ a tone’s highness or lowness
▪ depends on frequency
Structure of ear
Structure and function of Ear
(i). Outer ear
(a). Pinna or Auricle
Pinna is the visible part of the ear and direct
sound waves toward the tympanic membrane.
(b). Ear drum
Eardrum is a thin piece of tissue just inside the ear,
moves ever so slightly in response to sound waves
striking it.
(ii). Middle Ear
▪ When ear drum moves, it causes three tiny bones(the mallus, incus
and stapies or Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup) within the middle ear to
vibrate. The third of these three bone or stapes is attached to the
Ocan window which covers a fluid-filled, spiral-shaped structure
called Cochlea.
▪ The middle ear is an air filled space connected to the back of the
nose by a long, thin tube called the Eustachian tube. The middle
ear space houses three little bones, the hammer, anvil and stirrup
(malleus, incus and stapes) which conduct sound from the
tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The outer wall of the middle
ear is the tympanic membrane, the inner wall is the cochlea.
(ii). Inner Ear
• The inner ear or Cochlea and is spiral-shaped chamber covered
internally by nerve fibers that react to the vibrations and transmit
impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve.
• The brain combines the input of our two ears to determine the
direction and distance of sounds.
• Hair like receptor cells are contained in the corti (sensory
receptor in the cochlea that transduces sound waves into coded
neural impulses)
• Vibration in cochlea fluid set the basilar membrane in motion.
• This movement, in turn stimulates the receptor cells that is
contains.
(ii). Inner Ear
▪ These receptor cells transducers the sound waves in cochlear
fluid into coded neural impulses that are sent to the brain.
▪ Vibration of oval window causes movements of the fluid in
the cochlea.
▪ Finally, the movement of fluid bends tiny hair cells, the true
sensory receptors of the sound.
▪ The neural messages they (tiny hair cells) create are then
transmitted to the brain via auditory nerve.
How We Locate Sounds
Process of Hearing
• The pinna and external auditory canal form the
outer ear, which is separated from the middle ear
by the tympanic membrane.
• The middle ear houses three ossicles, the malleus, incus and
stapes.
• Together they form the sound conducting mechanism. The inner
ear consists of the cochlea which transduces vibration to a nervous
impulse and the vestibular labyrinth which houses the organ of
balance.

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Chapter 02

Vision Light waves 380 to Eyes Colors, Shapes,

Cutaneous External contact Skin Touch, warmth, cold,

• In the center of the iris, there is hole or opening called the

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