Practical Research 2

Practical
Research 2
LESSON 3:
POPULATION
&
SAMPLING
Learning CompeteNCY
 Chooses appropriate quantitative sampling

techniques.
POPULATION vs SAMPLE
The population is the entire group that you want to
draw conclusions about.
The population can be defined in terms of
geographical location, age, income, and many other
characteristics.
The sample is the specific group of individuals
whom you will collect data from.
If the population is very large, demographically
mixed, and geographically dispersed, it might be
difficult to gain access to a representative sample.
Sampling frame
The sampling frame is the actual list of individuals
that the sample will be drawn from. Ideally, it should
include the entire target population (and nobody who
is not part of that population).
Example:
You are doing research on working conditions
at Company X. Your population is all 1000
employees of the company. Your sampling
frame is the company’s HR database which
lists the names and contact details of every
employee.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
There are two types of sampling
methods:
Probability sampling
Non-probability sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Probability sampling involves
random selection, allowing you to
make strong statistical inferences
about the whole group.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Non-probability sampling involves

non-random selection based on
convenience or other criteria, allowing
you to easily collect data.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Probability sampling means that every member of
the population has a chance of being selected.
It is mainly used in quantitative research.
If you want to produce results that are representative
of the whole population, probability sampling
techniques are the most valid choice.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY OR
RANDOM SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
In a simple random sample, every member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected.
Your sampling frame should include the whole
population.
To conduct this type of sampling, you can use
methods like random number generators, lottery
methods, software or computer aid, and other
techniques that are based entirely on chance.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Example: Simple random sampling
You want to select a simple random sample of
100 employees of Company X. You assign a
number to every employee in the company
database from 1 to 1000 and use a random
number generator to select 100 numbers.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematic sampling is similar to simple
random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier
to conduct.
Every member of the population is listed with a
number, but instead of randomly generating
numbers, individuals are chosen at regular
intervals.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Example: Systematic Sampling
All employees of the company are listed in
alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers, you
randomly select a starting point: number 6. From
number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is
selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up
with a sample of 100 people.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Example: Stratified Sampling
Stratified sampling involves dividing the
population into subpopulations.
It allows you to draw more precise
conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup
is properly represented in the sample.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
To use this sampling method, you divide the population
into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant
characteristic (e.g. gender, age range, income
bracket, job role).
Based on the overall proportions of the population, you
calculate how many people should be sampled from each
subgroup. Then you use random or systematic sampling to
select a sample from each subgroup.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Example: Stratified Sampling
The company has 800 female employees and 200 male
employees. You want to ensure that the sample reflects
the gender balance of the company, so you sort the
population into two strata based on gender. Then you use
random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women
and 20 men, which gives you a representative sample of
100 people.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Cluster sampling also involves dividing the
population into subgroups, but each subgroup
should have similar characteristics to the whole
sample. Instead of sampling individuals from
each subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
This method is used when it is not possible or
practical to obtain a complete list of the
population. For example, cluster sampling may
be used to select a sample of schools from a
list of all schools in a country.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Example: Cluster sampling
The company has offices in 10 cities across the
country (all with roughly the same number of
employees in similar roles). You don’t have the
capacity to travel to every office to collect your
data, so you use random sampling to select 3
offices – these are your clusters.
END OF
DISCUSSION
!

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 Chooses appropriate quantitative sampling

Non-probability sampling involves

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