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    Rtep1 Ipe2

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    Jyvan Caidoc
    This document discusses radiographic film processing and image artifacts. It begins by outlining the steps of manual and automatic film processing, including wetting, developing, fixing, washing and drying. It then describes the evolution of automatic processors from early models to modern high-speed processors. The components and functioning of developers and fixers are explained. Finally, the document categorizes types of exposure, processing and handling/storage artifacts that can degrade image quality and discusses specific examples.

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    Rtep1 Ipe2

    Uploaded by

    Jyvan Caidoc
    22 views52 pages
    This document discusses radiographic film processing and image artifacts. It begins by outlining the steps of manual and automatic film processing, including wetting, developing, fixing, washing and drying. It then describes the evolution of automatic processors from early models to modern high-speed processors. The components and functioning of developers and fixers are explained. Finally, the document categorizes types of exposure, processing and handling/storage artifacts that can degrade image quality and discusses specific examples.

    Original Title

    RTEP1-IPE2

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    This document discusses radiographic film processing and image artifacts. It begins by outlining the steps of manual and automatic film processing, including wetting, developing, fixing, washing and drying. It then describes the evolution of automatic processors from early models to modern high-speed processors. The components and functioning of developers and fixers are explained. Finally, the document categorizes types of exposure, processing and handling/storage artifacts that can degrade image quality and discusses specific examples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    22 views52 pages

    Rtep1 Ipe2

    Uploaded by

    Jyvan Caidoc
    This document discusses radiographic film processing and image artifacts. It begins by outlining the steps of manual and automatic film processing, including wetting, developing, fixing, washing and drying. It then describes the evolution of automatic processors from early models to modern high-speed processors. The components and functioning of developers and fixers are explained. Finally, the document categorizes types of exposure, processing and handling/storage artifacts that can degrade image quality and discusses specific examples.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 52

    RTEP

    IMAGE PRODUCTION AND


    EVALUATION (IPE)
    Prepared by: Leandro O. Dayao Jr., RRT

    Topics:
    - Processing of the Latent Image
    - Automatic Processor
    - Image Artifacts
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING

    Steps of Film Processing


    STEP PURPOSE Manual P. Automatic P.
    (time) (time)
    WETTING Swells the emulsion for better 15 s -
    chemical penetration
    DEVELOPING Produces a visible image from 5 mins 22 s
    the latent image
    STOP BATH Terminates development and 30 s -
    removes excess chemicals from
    the emulsion

    FIXING Removes remaining silver halide 15 mins 22 s


    crystals and hardens the
    emulsion
    WASHING Removes excess chemicals 20 mins 20 s

    DRYING Removes excess water and 30 mins 26 s


    prepares radiograph for viewing
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING

    • First automatic processor


    was introduced in 1942 by
    Pako
    • Process 120 films/hr
    • Total cycle time for
    processing one film was
    approximately 40 minutes
    FILM PROCESSING

    • Produced by the Eastman


    Kodak Company (1956)
    • Used roller to transport a film
    through development
    • About 10 feet long
    • In today’s dollars cost was
    $350,000.
    FILM PROCESSING

    • In 1965, Eastman Kodak Company introduced the


    90-second processor (standard processor)
    • Capacity of 215 films/hr
    • In 1987, Konica introduced the 45-second
    automatic film processor
    • Requires special films and chemicals
    • Todays processors are available with processing
    times from 45 s - 2 mins
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING

    Components of the Developer


    COMPONENT CHEMICAL FUNCTION
    Developing Agent Phenidone Reducing agent; produces shades of gray rapidly

    Hydroquinone Reducing agent; produces black tones slowly

    Activator Sodium Carbonate Helps swell gelatin; produces alkanity; controls pH

    Restrainer Potassium Antifog agent; protects unexposed crystals from


    bromide chemical attack
    Preservative Sodium sulfite Controls oxidation; maintains balance among
    developer components
    Hardener Glutaraldehyde Controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival
    quality
    Sequestering Agent Chelates Removes metallic impurities; stabilizes developing
    agent
    Solvent Water Dissolves chemicals for use
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING

    Components of the Fixer


    COMPONENT CHEMICAL FUNCTION

    Activator Aceti Acid Neutralizes the developer and stops its action

    Fixing Agent Ammonium thiosulfate Removes undeveloped silver bromine from


    emulsion
    Hardener Potassium alum Stiffens and shrinks emulsion

    Preservative Sodium sulfide Maintains chemical balance

    Buffer Acetate Maintains proper pH

    Sequestering Agent Boric acids/ salts Removes aluminum ions

    Solvent Water Dissolves other components


    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING

    • In automatic processing, the


    temperature of the wash water
    should be maintained at
    approximately 3 degrees
    Celsius (5 degrees F) below
    the developer temperature.
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING

    Automatic Processor
    Principal Components:
    • Transport System
    • Temperature Control System
    • Circulation System
    • Replenishment System
    • Dryer System
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    FILM PROCESSING
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS

    Radiographic Artifacts
    • Any appearance/ opacity on a
    radiograph which doesn’t represents
    an actual anatomic structure within
    the patient being radiographed.

    • Degrades quality of radiograph and


    affect interpretation

    • Can lead to misrepresentations of


    an actual anatomic structure.
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS

    TYPES OF ARTIFACTS IN RADIOGRAPHS


    A. EXPOSURE ARTIFACTS

    B. PROCESSING ARTIFACTS

    C. HANDLING AND STORAGE ARTIFACTS


    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS

    A. EXPOSURE ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS

    B. PROCESSING ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    FILM PROCESSING

    Cause:
    • Improper position or
    springing of guideshoes in
    turnaround assembly
    FILM PROCESSING

    PI LINES
    Cause:
    • Dirt or chemical stains on
    rollers
    FILM PROCESSING

    Cause:
    • Inadequate washing
    FILM PROCESSING

    C. HANDLING AND STORAGE ARTIFACTS


    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS
    IMAGE
    ARTIFACTS

    END

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