TRANSPORTATIO

N SYSTEMS

3.0
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1 Elevators and 3.1.2 Types of Elevators
Dumbwaiters
3.1 Elevators & 1. Electric elevators
Dumbwaiters
3.1.1 Definition of Elevator
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors Are generally used in buildings
where several peak periods of traffic
3.3 Chutes occur each day, (ie. In office
buildings, hospitals, apartment
3.4 Provisions in the buildings)
NBC Concerning
Transportation
Systems
 Bulkhead Hoisting Machinery
Penthouse Control Panel

Top Car Clearance

Driving Sheave
3.1 Elevators &
Idle Sheave
Dumbwaiters
Hoistway
3.2 Escalators &
Machine Beam
Conveyors Bank

3.3 Chutes Hoisting Cable

Landing
Guide Rail
3.4 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning
Transportation Elevator Car Safety
Traveling Cable
Systems
Rise

Hoistway Door

Counterweight

Limit Switch

Elevator Pit Buffer

Bottom Car Clearance

 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
2. Oil-hydraulic elevators
Car Frame
The structural steel
3.1 Elevators & frame of an elevator
Dumbwaiters car to which are
attached the platform,
guide shoes, elevator
3.2 Escalators & car safety, hoisting
Conveyors cables and control
equipment
3.3 Chutes

3.4 Provisions in the Lantern

A light, usually over the entrance to an
NBC Concerning elevator on each floor of a multistory
Transportation building that signals the approach of the
Systems elevator Annunciator
Machine Room A signaling apparatus in an
A room housing the elevator car or at a landing that
hoisting machinery, displays a visual indication of floor
control equipment, and landings
sheaves for raising and
lowering an elevator car Call Button
A pus button for requesting an
elevator
Door Interlock
A safety device for preventing the
operation of an elevator car unless
the hoistway door is locked in the
closed position

Door Contact
A safety device for preventing the operation of
an elevator car unless its door or gate is fully
closed
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.3 Parts of an Electric
Elevator
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters 1. Shaft
vertical passageway for car and
3.2 Escalators &
counterweights.
Conveyors

3.3 Chutes 2. Car

a cage of light metal supported on a
3.4 Provisions in the structural frame, the top member of
NBC Concerning which the cables, that carry the car,
Transportation are fastened.
Systems
3. Cables
are the means for lifting or lowering
the car, usually 3 to 8 cables placed
in parallel fastened to top of car by
cable sockets passing over a motor
driven cylindrical sheave to the
counterweights.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4. Counterweights 9. Safety Devices
these are rectangular blocks of cast iron
stacked in one frame which is fastened to a) Main Brake
3.1 Elevators & the opposite ends of the cables to which mounted directly on the shaft of the
Dumbwaiters the car is fastened. elevator machine.

3.2 Escalators & 5. Guide Rails b) Safety Switch

Conveyors are vertical tracks that guide the car and is designed to stop an elevator car
the counterweights. automatically before car speed becomes
3.3 Chutes excessive. On overspeed, the speed
6. Machine Room governor will cut off power to the motor
3.4 Provisions in the a room usually placed directly above the and set the brake.
NBC Concerning shaft in which the elevator machine is
Transportation housed. It contains the motor-generator
Systems (MG) set which supplies energy to the
elevator machine, the control board and
the control equipment.

7. Elevator Machine
turns the sheave that lifts and lowers the
car.

8. Controls
a combination of push buttons, contacts, This usually stops the car, but should
relays, and devices, operated manually or speed still increase, the governor will
automatically to initiate door opening, actuate rail clamps mounted at the
starting acceleration, retardation, leveling bottom of the car one on each side. This
and stopping of the car. will clamp the guide rails bringing the car
to a switch stop.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
c) Electric Final Limit Switches
are located a few feet below and above
safe travel limits of elevator car. If car
3.1 Elevators & over-travels, either down or up, these
Dumbwaiters switches de-energizes the motor and sets
the main brake.
3.2 Escalators &
Conveyors d) Oil or Spring Buffers
are placed at the bottom of the elevator
3.3 Chutes pit, not to stop a falling car, but to bring it
to a partially cushion stop if the car
3.4 Provisions in the should overshoot the lower terminal.
NBC Concerning
Transportation
Systems
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.4 Methods of Arranging 2) One-to-One Double Wrap
Traction Machine
Elevator Machines,
3.1 Elevators & Sheaves and Ropes cables first wrap over the traction
Dumbwaiters
sheave T, then around the
3.2 Escalators & 1) Single Wrap Traction Machine secondary or idler sheave S, and
Conveyors once more going around T and S to
supporting cables pass over the the counterweights. This provides
3.3 Chutes sheave in grooves and connect to greater traction and is used in many
the counterweights. The lifting power automatic high-speed installations.
3.4 Provisions in the is exerted by the sheave through the
NBC Concerning
traction of the cables in the grooves.
Transportation
Systems
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3) Two-to-One Double Wrap 4) Underslung System
Traction Machine (for freight
elevators) is used where the elevator machine
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters is located at the basement.
This 2:1 roping, has a mechanical
3.2 Escalators & advantage of 2, which results in a
Conveyors high-speed, low-power and
therefore, low-cost traction machine.
3.3 Chutes

3.4 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
Transportation
Systems
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.5 Types of Elevator 2) Geared Traction Machine
Machines
this type of machine employs a
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters worm and gear between the driving
1) Gearless Traction Machine
motor and the sheave. It is
3.2 Escalators & considered to be less superior to the
consists of a DC motor, the shaft of
Conveyors gearless traction machine since it
which is directly connected to the
has more moving parts and requires
3.3 Chutes brake wheel and to the driving
more maintenance. Used for low
sheave. The elevator cables are
and medium speed passenger and
3.4 Provisions in the placed around this sheave. This type
NBC Concerning freight elevators.
of machine is used for medium and
Transportation high speed elevators for office and
Systems
residential condominiums of 10
stories or more; where high speeds
and smooth quality operation are
desired.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.6 Systems of Elevator 3) Electronic Group Supervisory
Dispatching and Control
Controls
this system is used to control not
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters only single elevators but an entire
1) Single Automatic Push Button
group or bank of cars. During peak
Control
3.2 Escalators & periods, all cars are in operation;
this is the simplest of passenger
Conveyors automatically, the system shuts
operated automatic control system.
down successively cars as the
3.3 Chutes It handles only one call at a time
number of passengers reduces and
providing an uninterrupted trip for
return them to service as the
3.4 Provisions in the each call.
NBC Concerning number of passengers again
Transportation increases to a high peak.
2) Collective Control
Systems
control is arranged to collect all
The system of Otis Elevator
waiting up calls on the trip up and all
Company is called “autotronic
waiting down calls on the trip down.
elevatoring”. The system of
The control system, stalls all calls
Westinghouse Electric Co. is called
until they are answered and
the “selectomatic elevator system”.
automatically reverses the direction
of travel at the highest and the
lowest calls. When all calls have
been cleared, the car will remain at
the floor of its last stop awaiting the
next call.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.7 Oil Hydraulic
Elevators
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters also called plunger elevators. It is
raised by means of a movable rod nor
3.2 Escalators & plunger rigidly fixed to the bottom of
Conveyors rail
the car. The system is hydraulic and
operates the same way as a hydraulic
3.3 Chutes
automobile jack. Oil from a reservoir is
car
3.4 Provisions in the
pumped under the plunger thereby
NBC Concerning raising it and the car. The pump is
Transportation stopped during downward motion, the
Systems car being lowered by gravity and guide shoe
controlled by action of bypassed
valves which also controls the
positioning of the car during the plunger
upward motion.

The absence of cables, drums, MG set

and penthouse equipment, makes this
system inexpensive and often the motor
choice for low speed, low rise
applications where construction of the pump
plunger pit does not present difficulties
and where absence of a penthouse is
desirable. buffer spring
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.1.8 Dumbwaiters

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters

3.2 Escalators &

Conveyors

3.3 Chutes

3.4 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
Transportation
Systems
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.2 Escalators and 3.2.2 Parts of an Escalator
Conveyors Installation
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters 1) Truss
3.2.1 Definition of
a welded steel frame which supports
3.2 Escalators & Escalator
the moving stairway equipment. It
Conveyors
comes in 3 sections: the middle
used where large numbers of people
3.3 Chutes straight section maybe of any
are scattered throughout a given
desired length to provide rises of
area and on a large number of
3.4 Provisions in the different heights.
NBC Concerning floors. These people being
Transportation interested in moving about almost
Systems constantly to various locations for
short periods of time. Thus traffic is
constantly on the move both up and
down. Examples are department
stores and terminal buildings.

Typical Specifications

Width of Escalator = 32” and 48”

Angle of inclination = 30 degrees
Length or run = variable
Speeds = 90 fpm and
120 fpm
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
2) Tracks
4) Controller
are steel angles attached to the
consists of contactors, relays and a
truss on which the step rollers are
circuit breaker. Usually located near
3.1 Elevators & guided thus controlling the motion of
Dumbwaiters the drive machine, an emergency
the steps.
stop button wired to the controller
3.2 Escalators & and placed in or near the escalator,
Conveyors will stop the drive machine and
apply the brake. Key operated
3.3 Chutes control switches, at the top and
bottom newels, will start, stop, and
3.4 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning reverse the direction of travel of the
Transportation stairway.
Systems
5) Handrail and Balustrade
Assembly Rubber-
covered
handrail guide handrail

3) Sprocket Assemblies, Chains,

longitudinal cording
and Drive Machine
provide the motive power for the
canvas layers
unit. An emergency brake located on
the top sprocket will stop a loaded
escalator safely in the event of a
break in the chain. inside balustrade
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.2.3 Safety Features of 4) In case of over-speed or under-
speed, an automatic governor shuts
Escalators
down the escalator, prevents
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters reversal of direction and operates
1) Handrails and steps travel at the
the service brake.
same speed to ensure steadiness
3.2 Escalators &
and balance, and to aid naturally in
Conveyors 5) An emergency stop switch is
stepping on and off the comb plates.
located near the comb plate which
3.3 Chutes may be manually operated to stop
2) Steps are large, steady, and are
the escalator. The electric controls
3.4 Provisions in the designed to prevent from slipping.
NBC Concerning are also designed to shut down the
Transportation stairway, if by some accident, it is
3) Automatic controls of a service
Systems caused to reverse direction.
brake will bring the stairway to a
smooth stop, if electric power or
mechanical parts should fail.
Passengers would then walk the
steps as they would any stationary
stairway.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.2.4 Fire Protection
Systems of Escalators
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters 1) Rolling Shutter
3.2 Escalators &
This shuts off the well way at a given
Conveyors
floor, thus preventing draft and the
3.3 Chutes spread of fire upward through
escalator wells. The movement of
3.4 Provisions in the the shutter is actuated by
NBC Concerning temperature and smoke relays.
Transportation
Systems
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters

3.2 Escalators &

Conveyors

3.3 Chutes

3.4 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
Transportation
Systems

2) Spray Nozzle Curtain

are closely spaced, high-velocity

water nozzles which will, in the case
of fire, form a compact water curtain
to prevent smoke and flame from
rising through the well ways.
Automatic thermal or smoke relays,
open all nozzles simultaneously.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3) Smoke Guard

consists of fire proof baffles

3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters surrounding the well way, extending
downward about 20” below ceiling
3.2 Escalators & level. Smoke and flames rising
Conveyors upwards, meet a curtain of water
from sprinkler heads surrounding the
3.3 Chutes baffles, which serves as a smoke
and flame deflector. Vertical shields
3.4 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning between adjacent sprinklers, ensure
Transportation that the spray from one will not cool
Systems the nearby thermal fuses and
prevent the opening of adjacent
sprinklers.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4) Sprinkler Vent

Well way floor openings have a duct

3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters on each floor equipped with a
number of smoke pick up relays. In
3.2 Escalators & case of fire, these relays
Conveyors automatically start the fans in the
fresh air intake, located on the roof,
3.3 Chutes driving air downward through the
well ways. Dangerous gases and
3.4 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning smoke are drawn in thru the ducts
Transportation and exhausted at the roof. The usual
Systems spray nozzles on the ceiling around
the stair well aid in quenching the
fire.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.2.5 Moving Sidewalks or Types of installations
Electric Walks • Horizontal or level
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters
• Bi-level
While escalators are used to
• Overpass installation
transport people vertically, electric
3.2 Escalators & • Underpass installation
walks are used to transport people
Conveyors
horizontally at any inclination from 0
3.3 Chutes deg to 15 deg.

3.4 Provisions in the Typical applications

NBC Concerning
Transportation For exhibit halls, where
Systems
management desires that persons
move smoothly through or pass a
particular area without stopping or
boarding.

For airport terminals.

Typical Specifications
Standard width = 27” and 36”
Speeds = 120 fpm and
180 fpm
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
People Mover
Any of various forms of mass transit, as
3.1 Elevators & moving sidewalks or automated driverless
Dumbwaiters vehicles, used for shuttling people around
airports or in congested urban areas

3.2 Escalators &

Conveyors

3.3 Chutes Moving Sidewalk

A power-driven, continuously moving
3.4 Provisions in the surface, similar to a conveyor belt,
used for carrying pedestrians
NBC Concerning horizontally or along low inclines
Transportation
Systems

Inclined Lift
A platform mounted on a steel
guide rail and driven by an
electric motor used for raising
or lowering a person or
moving along a stairway. Also
called a stair lift
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.3 Chutes

3.1 Elevators &

Dumbwaiters

3.2 Escalators &

Conveyors

3.3 Chutes

3.4 Provisions in the

NBC Concerning
Transportation
Systems
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.4 Provisions in the Cage/Cab
An enclosure for housing the operator
NBC Concerning and the hoisting mechanism, power plant
3.1 Elevators & Transportation and equipment controlling a crane.
Dumbwaiters
Systems
Capacity of Works, Project or Plant
3.2 Escalators & The total horsepower of all engines,
Conveyors
3.4.1 Definitions motors, turbines or other prime movers
installed, whether in operation or not.
3.3 Chutes
Accidental Contact Car
3.4 Provisions in the Any inadvertent physical contact with The load carrying unit of an elevator
NBC Concerning power transmission equipment, prime including its platform, frame, enclosure
Transportation movers, machines or machine parts and door or gate.
Systems which could result from slipping, falling,
sliding, tripping or any other unplanned Crane
action or movement. Means a machine for lifting or lowering a
load and moving it horizontally, the
Balustrades hoisting mechanism being an integral part
The frames on either side of the moving of the machine.
steps of an escalator.
Dumbwaiter
Buffer A hoisting and lowering mechanism
A device designed to stop a descending equipped with a car not to exceed 3861
car or counterweight beyond its normal sqcm in area and a maximum height of
limit of travel by absorbing and 1.20m, the capacity of which does not
dissipating the kinetic energy of the car or exceed 277 kilos, used exclusively for
counterweight. carrying materials.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Elevator otherwise removable doors or sections to
A hoisting and lowering mechanism permit inspection, lubrication or proper
equipped with a car or platform which maintenance.
3.1 Elevators & moves in guides in a vertical direction
Dumbwaiters serving two or more floors of a building or Escalator
structure. Movement of the car may be A power driven, inclined, continuous
3.2 Escalators & controlled by gravitational, manual or stairway for raising or lowering
Conveyors mechanical power. passengers.

3.3 Chutes Elevator Landing Guarded

That portion of a floor, balcony or Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
3.4 Provisions in the platform for loading or discharging by means of suitable enclosure guards,
NBC Concerning passengers or freight to or from the covers or standard railings, so as to
Transportation elevator. preclude the possibility of accidental
Systems contact or dangerous approach to
Elevator Wire Ropes persons or objects.
Steel wire ropes attached to the car
frame or passing around sheaves Hoist
attached to the car frame from which An apparatus for raising or lowering a
elevator/dumbwaiter cars and their load by the application of a building force,
counterweights are suspended. but does not include a car or platform. It
may be base-mounted, hook suspension,
Enclosed monorail, overhead, simple drum type or
Means that the moving parts of a trolley suspension.
machine are so guarded that physical
contact by any part of the human body is Hoistway
precluded or prevented. This does not A shaftway for the travel of one or more
however prohibit the use of hinged, elevators or dumbwaiters.
sliding or
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Machine Process Machine
The driven unit of an equipment. An equipment designed and operated for
a specific purpose.
3.1 Elevators & Machine house
Dumbwaiters An enclosure for housing the hoisting Travelling Cable
mechanism and power plant. A cable made up of electric conductors
3.2 Escalators & which provides electrical connection
Conveyors between an elevator or dumbwaiter car
Machine Parts
Any or all moving parts of a machine. and a fixed outlet in the hoistway.
3.3 Chutes

3.4 Provisions in the Moving Walk

NBC Concerning A type of horizontal passenger-carrying 3.4.2 Guarding of Moving
device on which passengers stand or
Transportation
walk, with its surface remaining parallel to
and Dangerous Parts
Systems
its direction of motion and is
uninterrupted. All prime movers, machines and
machine parts, power transmission
Power Transmission Machinery equipment shall be so guarded,
A shaft, wheel, drum, pulley, system of shielded, fenced or enclosed to
fast and loose pulleys, coupling, clutch, protect any person against exposure
driving belt, V-belt sheaves and belts, to or accidental contact with
chains and sprockets, gearing, torque
connectors, conveyors, hydraulic
dangerous moving parts.
couplings, magnetic couplings, speed
reducers or increasers or any device by
which the motion of an engine is
transmitted to or received by another
machine.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.4.3 Cranes 4. A gong or other effective warning
device shall be mounted on each
cage or cab.
3.1 Elevators & 1. Access to the case or machine
Dumbwaiters house shall be by means of a
5. Temporary crane operation
conveniently placed stationary
3.2 Escalators & without warning device may be
ladder, stairs or platforms requiring a
Conveyors allowed provided there is a flagman
step-over that no gap exceeding 300
whose sole duty is to warn those in
3.3 Chutes mm is allowed.
the path of the crane or its load.
3.4 Provisions in the 2. Adequate means shall be
NBC Concerning 6. The maximum rated load of all
provided for cranes having revolving
Transportation cranes shall be plainly marked on
cables or machine houses, to permit
Systems each side of the crane. If the crane
the operator to enter or leave the
has more than one hoisting unit,
crane cab and reach the ground
each hoist shall have marked on it or
safely, irrespective of its position.
its load block, its rated capacity
clearly legible from the ground or
3. Cages, cabs or machine houses
floor.
on cranes shall be enclosed to
protect operator during inclement
weather.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.4.4 Hoists 5. Each electric hoist motor shall be
provided with an electrically or
mechanically operated brake so
3.1 Elevators & 1. Operating control shall be plainly
Dumbwaiters arranged that the brake will be
marked to indicate the direction of
applied automatically when the
travel.
3.2 Escalators & power is cut off from the hoist.
Conveyors
2. Each cage controlled hoist shall
3.3 Chutes be equipped with an effective
warning device. 3.4.5 Elevators
3.4 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning 3. Each hoist designed to lift its load 1. Hoistways for elevators shall be
Transportation vertically shall have its rated load substantially enclosed throughout
Systems
legibly marked on the hoist or load their height, with no openings
block or at some easily visible allowed except for necessary doors,
space. windows or skylights.

4. A stop, which shall operate 2. Ropes, wires or pipes shall not

automatically, shall be provided at be installed in hoistways, except
each switch, dead end rail or when necessary for the operation of
turntable to prevent the trolley the elevators.
running off when the switch is open.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3. Hoistway pits shall be of such surface. The angle of inclination of
depth that when the car rests on the such ladder or stairs shall not
fully compressed buffers, a exceed 60º from the horizontal. This
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters clearance of not less than 600 mm room shall not be used as living
remains between the underside of quarters or depository of other
3.2 Escalators & the car and the bottom of the pit. materials and shall be provided with
Conveyors adequate ventilation.
4. When four or more elevators
3.3 Chutes serve all or the same portion of a 6. Minimum number of hoisting
building, they shall be located in not ropes shall be three (3) for traction
3.4 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning less than two (2) hoistways and in elevators and two (2) for drum.
Transportation no case shall more than four (4)
Systems elevators be located in any one 7. The minimum diameter of
hoistway. hoisting and counterweight ropes
shall be 30 mm.
5. Where a machine room or
penthouse is provided at the top of a 8. Elevators shall be provided with
hoistway, it shall be constructed with overload relay and reverse polarity
sufficient room for repair and relay.
inspection. Access shall be by
means of an iron ladder or stairs 9. In high rise apartments or
when the room is more than 600 mm residential condominiums of more
above the adjacent floor or roof than five (5) stories, at least one
passenger elevator shall be kept on
24 hour constant service.
 3.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
3.4.6 Escalators 5. The rated speed, measured
along the angle of inclination, shall
1. The angle of inclination of an be not more than 38 mpm.
3.1 Elevators &
Dumbwaiters escalator shall not exceed 35º from
the horizontal. 6. Starting switches shall be key
3.2 Escalators & operated and located within sight of
Conveyors 2. The width between balustrades escalator steps.
shall not be less than 558 mm nor
3.3 Chutes 7. Emergency buttons shall be
more than 1.20 m. This width shall
not exceed the width of the steps by conspicuously and accessibly
3.4 Provisions in the
NBC Concerning more than 330 mm. located at or near the top and
Transportation bottom landings but protected from
Systems 3. Solid balustrades of accidental contact.
incombustible material shall be
provided on each side of the moving
steps. If made of glass, it shall be of
tempered type glass.

4. Each balustrade shall be

provided with a handrail moving in
the same direction and at the same
speed as the steps.
THANK YOU! THE END
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS

END