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    Routes of Drug Administration

    Uploaded by

    Mr Awais
    Routes of drug administration include oral, parenteral, topical, rectal, sublingual, buccal, and inhalation. The oral route is convenient but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and drug destruction in the GI tract. Parenteral routes like intravenous have high bioavailability but risks like infection. Topical routes apply drugs locally while transdermal provides systemic effects. The optimal route depends on a drug's properties and a patient's condition.

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    Routes of Drug Administration

    Uploaded by

    Mr Awais
    26 views36 pages
    Routes of drug administration include oral, parenteral, topical, rectal, sublingual, buccal, and inhalation. The oral route is convenient but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and drug destruction in the GI tract. Parenteral routes like intravenous have high bioavailability but risks like infection. Topical routes apply drugs locally while transdermal provides systemic effects. The optimal route depends on a drug's properties and a patient's condition.

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    2. Routes of Drug Administration

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    Routes of drug administration include oral, parenteral, topical, rectal, sublingual, buccal, and inhalation. The oral route is convenient but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and drug destruction in the GI tract. Parenteral routes like intravenous have high bioavailability but risks like infection. Topical routes apply drugs locally while transdermal provides systemic effects. The optimal route depends on a drug's properties and a patient's condition.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views36 pages

    Routes of Drug Administration

    Uploaded by

    Mr Awais
    Routes of drug administration include oral, parenteral, topical, rectal, sublingual, buccal, and inhalation. The oral route is convenient but has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and drug destruction in the GI tract. Parenteral routes like intravenous have high bioavailability but risks like infection. Topical routes apply drugs locally while transdermal provides systemic effects. The optimal route depends on a drug's properties and a patient's condition.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    Routes of Drug

    Administration

    ANKIT GILANI
    DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY,
    NIPERD AHMEDABAD.
    CHANNELS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

    PARENTERAL TOPICAL
    ENTERAL

    BUCCA SUBLIN
    ORAL RECTAL
    L GUAL
    ORAL ROUTE
     Oral refers to
    two methods of administration:
     applying topically to the mouth
     swallowing for absorption along the gastrointestinal
    (GI) tract into systemic circulation

     po (from the Latin per os) is the abbreviation used


    to indicate oral route of medication administration
    ORAL

     Advantages
     Convenient - can be self- administered, pain free,
    easy to take
     Absorption - takes place along the whole length of
    the GI tract
     Cheap - compared to most other parenteral routes
    ORAL
     Disadvantages
     Sometimes inefficient - only part of the drug may
    be absorbed
     First-pass effect - drugs absorbed orally are
    initially transported to the liver via the portal
    vein
     irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and vomiting
    ORAL
     Disadvantages cont.
     destruction of drugs by gastric acid and digestive
    juices
     effect too slow for emergencies
     unpleasant taste of some drugs
     unable to use in unconscious patient
    First-pass Effect

    The first-pass effect is the term used for the


    hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological
    agent when it is absorbed from the gut and
    delivered to the liver via the portal
    circulation. The greater the first-pass effect,
    the less the agent will reach the systemic
    circulation when the agent is administered
    orally
    First-pass Effect
    Oral Dosage Forms 
     Common dose forms for oral administration
     tablets
     capsules
     liquids
     solutions
     suspensions
     syrups
     elixirs
    SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
     Sublingual administration is
    where the dosage form is
    placed under the tongue
     rapidly absorbed by
    sublingual mucosa
    SUBLINGUAL ROUTE
    12

    ADVANTAGES
     ECONOMICAL
     QUICK TERMINATION
     FIRST-PASS AVOIDED
     DRUG ABSORPTION IS QUICK

    DISADVANTAGES
     UNPALATABLE & BITTER DRUGS
     IRRITATION OF ORAL MUCOSA
     LARGE QUANTITIES NOT GIVEN
     FEW DRUGS ARE ABSORBED
    BUCCAL ROUTE
     Buccal administration
    is where the dosage
    form is placed between
    gums and inner lining
    of the cheek (buccal
    pouch)
     absorbed by buccal
    mucosa
    BUCCAL ROUTE
    ADVANTAGES
    – Avoid first pass effect
    – Rapid absorption
    – Drug stability

    DISADVANTAGES
    – Inconvenience
    – advantages lost if
    swallowed
    – Small dose limit
    RECTAL ROUTE By
    Suppository or
    Enema
    15

    ADVANTAGES
     USED IN CHILDREN – E.g. aspirin,
     LITTLE OR NO FIRST PASS EFFECT

     USED IN
    theophylline,
    VOMITING/UNCONSCIOUS
    chlorpromazin
     HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS RAPIDLY ACHIEVED

    DISADVANTAGES e
     INCONVENIENT

     ABSORPTION IS SLOW AND ERRATIC

     IRRITATION OR INFLAMMATION OF RECTAL

    MUCOSA CAN OCCUR


    SYSTEMIC-PARENTERAL
     Parenteral administration is
    injection or infusion by means of
    a needle or catheter inserted into
    the body
     The term parenteral comes from
    Greek words
     para, meaning outside

     enteron, meaning the intestine

     This route of administration


    bypasses the alimentary canal
    SYSTEMIC-PARENTERAL
    17

     INJECTABLES
    I. INTRAVENOUS
    II. INTRAMUSCULAR
    III. SUBCUTANEOUS
    IV. INTRA-ARTERIAL
    V. INTRA-ARTICULAR
    VI. INTRATHECAL
    VII. INTRADERMAL

     INHALATION - Absorption through the lungs


    INTRAVENOUS
    18

    ADVANTAGES

    DISADVANTAGES
     BIOAVAILABILITY 100%
     DESIRED BLOOD
    CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVED  IRRITATION & CELLULITIS
     LARGE QUANTITIES  THROMBOPHELEBITIS
     VOMITING & DIARRHEA  REPEATED INJECTIONS NOT
    ALWAYS FEASIBLE
     EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
     LESS SAFE
     FIRST PASS AVOIDED
     TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
     GASTRIC MANUPALATION REQUIRED
    AVOIDED
     DANGER OF INFECTION
     EXPENSIVE
     LESS CONVENIENT AND
    PAINFUL
    INTRAMUSULAR ROUTE
    19

    ADVANTAGES

     ABSORPTION
    REASONABLY UNIFORM
     RAPID ONSET OF ACTION
     MILD IRRITANTS CAN BE
    GIVEN
    DISADVANTAGES
     FIRST PASS AVOIDED
     GASTRIC FACTORS CAN BE
     ONLY UPTO 10ML DRUG
    AVOIDED GIVEN
     LOCAL PAIN AND ABCESS
     EXPENSIVE
     INFECTION
     NERVE DAMAGE
    SUBCUTANEOUS

     Injected under the skin.


     Absorption is slow, so action is prolonged.

    IMPLANT :a tablet or porous capsule is inserted into


    the loose tissues by incision of the skin, which is
    then stiched up.
    example : certain hormonal drugs
    INTRA-ARTERIAL
     Rarely used
     Anticancer drugs are given for localized effects
     Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular
    diseases
    INTRA-ARTICULAR
     injections of antibiotics
    and corticosteroids are
    administered in
    inflammed joined
    cavities by experts.
    example: hydrocortisone
    in rheumatoid arthritis
    INTRADERMAL
     drug is given within skin layers
    (dermis)
     Painful
     Mainly used for testing sensitivity
    to drugs.
    e.g. penicillin, ATS (anti tetanus
    serum)

    INOCULATION :administration of
    vaccine (like small pox vaccine )
    Topical Routes of Administration

     Topical administration is the application of a drug


    directly to the surface of the skin
     Includes administration of drugs to any mucous
    membrane
     eye – vagina
     nose – urethra
     ears – colon
     lungs
    Topical Dosage Forms

    Dose forms for topical administration include:


     Skin:

     creams • Eye or ear:


     ointments – solutions
     lotions – suspensions
     gels – ointments
     transdermal patches • Nose and lungs:
     disks – sprays and powders
    Advantages and Disadvantages of the
    Topical Route
     Local therapeutic effects
     Not well absorbed into the deeper layers of the
    skin or mucous membrane
     lower risk of side effects
     Transdermal route offers steady level of drug in
    the system
     sprays for inhalation through the nose
    may be for local or systemic effects
    Transdermal

    absorption of drug through skin (systemic action)


    i. stable blood levels
    ii. no first pass metabolism
    iii. drug must be potent or patch becomes
    too large
    Route for administration
    -Time until effect-

     intravenous 30-60 seconds


     intraosseous 30-60 seconds
     endotracheal 2-3 minutes
     inhalation 2-3 minutes
     sublingual 3-5 minutes
     intramuscular 10-20 minutes
     subcutaneous 15-30 minutes
     rectal 5-30 minutes
     ingestion 30-90 minutes
     transdermal (topical) variable (minutes to hours)
    SELECTION OF ROUTE

    The ROA is determined by :

     the physical characteristics of the drug


     the speed which the drug is absorbed and/ or

    released
     the need to bypass hepatic metabolism

     to achieve high conc. at particular sites

     Accuracy of dosage

     Condition of the patient


    Sublingual/Buccal

    Some drugs are taken as smaller tablets which are


    held in the mouth or under the tongue.

     Advantages
     rapid absorption
     drug stability
     avoid first-pass effect
    Sublingual/Buccal

     Disadvantages
     inconvenient
     small doses
     unpleasant taste of some drugs
    Rectal

    1. unconscious patients and children


    2. if patient is nauseous or vomiting
    3. easy to terminate exposure
    4. absorption may be variable
    5. good for drugs affecting the bowel such
    as laxatives
    6. irritating drugs contraindicated

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