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Microbiology
-Zoology
Presented by :
Muskan Thapa (560)
Susmita Pun
Aasma Poudel
Deepika
Arunah
Mammalia
General Characteristics of Mammals :
•The presence of hair or fur.

•Sweat glands.
•Glands specialized to produce milk, known as mammary glands.
•Three middle ear bones.
•A neocortex region in the brain, which specializes in seeing and hearing.
•Specialized teeth.
•A four-chambered heart.
Classification:
Phylum: CHORDATA (Notochord, dorsal
tubular nerve cord present and gill slits
present )
Group:CRANIATA ( Definite head.
Cranium with brain present )
Sub phylum:VERTEBRATA ( vertebral
column present)
Division: GNATHOSTOMATA ( Jaws and
paired appendages present )
Super class:TETRAPODA ( Paired limbs,
lungs, bony skeleton and cornified skin).
Class:MAMMALIA ( Body covered with
hairs. females have mammary glands ).
Order:INSECTIVORA ( Feeds on insect ).
Genus:Rattus
Habit and Habitat:

It is a common rat grains, seeds, fruit, stems, leaves, fungi, and a variety of
invertebrates and vertebrates . In parts of India, it is considered sac inhabiting
holes and burrows in houses and in cultivated fields. It feeds on stored red and
respected in the Karni Mata Temple in Deshnoke. Black rats are also found around
fences, ponds, riverbanks, streams, and reservoirs.
RATTUS : RAT
•Commonly called as black rat. also known
as ship rat, roof rat, or house rat.
•Body divisible into head, neck, trunk and tail.
•Head contains ears, eyes, nostrils, and snout
with long moustache or vibrissae.
•Body and limbs covered with hairs.
•Pinnae well developed. Eyes sharp.
•This black rat exhibits several color forms. It is
usually black to light brown in color with a
lighter underside.
•Tail is elongated and scaly.
•Incisor teeth chisel-like, open-rooted, used for
gnawing. Canines absent.
•It is a predatory species and adapts to different
micro-habitats.
CLASSIFICATION OF RABBIT :
ORYCTOLAGUS
PHYLUM :- CHORDATA (Notochord, dorsal
present )
Class :-MAMMALIA ( Body covered with
hairs. females have mammary glands ).
Order :- LAGOMORPHA ( 7 Upper incisors 2
pairs ).
Genus : Oryctolagus
HABIT AND HABITAT
Inhabiting fields, grasslands and woodlands. Gregarious, crepuscular (coming out of

burrows for feeding in twilight), coprophagous (eating again their soft stool for
maximum nourishment and polygamous.
Many species dig burrows, but cottontails and hispid hares do not. The European rabbit
constructs the most extensive burrow systems, called warrens. Nonburrowing rabbits
make surface nests called forms, generally under dense protective cover. The European
rabbit occupies open landscapes such as fields, parks, and gardens, although it has
colonized habitats from stony deserts to subalpine valleys.
GENERAL CHARACTERSTICS OF ORYCTOLAGUS
: RABBIT
•Commonly called as Rabbit.
•Body cat-like and divisible into head, neck,
trunk abdomen and tail.
•Head contains long tactile vibrisae or
whiskers, external nares, usually shorter eyes
and mouth.
•External ears large having external auditory
meatus.
•The long ears of rabbits are most likely
an adaptation for detecting predators.
•Fur color white, black, brown or spotted.
•Males have muscular skin-covered penis.
•Females have clitoris.
•Active throughout the year; no species is
known to hibernate. Rabbits are generally
nocturnal, and they also are relatively silent.
•Forelimbs used for digging and hind limbs for
leaping. Fast runner (30 to 40 km per hour).
Forelimbs contain upper arm, forearm,
metacarpus, hand and clawed fingers. Hind
limb contains thigh, shank, metatarsus, foot
and clawed toes.
CLASSIFICATION OF EQUUS FUNAMBULUS
(SQUIRREL)
present)
CLASS :- MAMMALIA ( Body covered with
hairs. females have mammary glands).
ORDER :- RODENTIA (Having one pair of upper
incisors).
FAMILY :- SCIURIDAE
GENUS :- Funambulus
HABIT AND HABITAT

It lives on trees, ground and is fast runner. It
feeds on fruits and seeds. It builds nest of
twigs and leaves. It is diurnal.
GENERAL CHARACTERSTICS OF FUNAMBULUS
(SQUIRREL)

•Commonly called as squirrel and in Hindi
Gilahari.
•Body contains three white and grey stripes on
dorsal side, absent on neck. Body divisible into
head, neck, trunk or back, chest, abdomen and
tail.
•Ventral side and limbs covered by small grey
hairs.
•Head contains snout with moustaches nostrils,
large eyes and well developed pinnae.
•Forelimbs and hind limbs well developed with
clawed toes. Tail elongated and bushy.
•Incisors exposed chisel-like, rootless, grow
continuously, gap between incisors and cheek
teeth, canine absent and upper and lower
cheek teeth about equal size. Palate narrow.
•Elbow joint rotates.
•Squirrel is also used for experimental
purposes. It is largely used in cancerous studies.
•Squirrel destroys fruit crops.
CLASSIFICATION OF PTEROPUS : FRUIT BAT
tubular nerve cord present and gill slits present
)
Group :- CRANIATA ( Definite head. Cranium
with brain present )
Class :-MAMMALIA ( Body covered with hairs.
females have mammary glands ).
Order :- CHIROPTERA ( Flying mammals ).
Sub-order :- MEGACHIROPTERA (Hanging
downwards with folding wings ).
Genus : Cynopterus
HABIT AND HABITAT

Adapted for arboreal and aerial mode of life. Live in groups and feed on fruits
(fruigivorous) and often damage orchards. They sleep by day on tree
branches. Bats can be found in many terrestrial habitats below the polar regions.
Typical habitats include temperate and tropical forests, deserts, open fields,
agricultural areas, and in suburban and urban environments. Many bats forage near
freshwater streams, lakes and ponds, preying on insects as they emerge from the
water
GENERAL CHARACTERSTICS OF PTEROPUS : FRUIT BAT
•Commonly called Fruit bat or Flying fox and in Hindi Chamgadar.
•Bats are unmistakable. No mammals other than bats have true wings and flight
•Body is dark-brown coloured and shoulders are golden yellow. Body divisible into head,
neck, trunk and tail and patagium.
•It is capable of true flight. The forelimbs are modified into wings.
•Each wing formed by a fold of skin or patagium supported by elongated forelimb and 2nd
to 5th fingers. Only 1st and 2nd fingers bear claws.
•Hind limbs and tail also included in patagium. Before patagium is prepatagium. Hind feet
small
with sharp and curved claws. Tail small and stumpy.
•Head small having small external ears, large eyes, snout and small teeth.
• During sleep, head hangs downwards with wings folded clock-like around body.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Felis
Species: F. catus
Habitat
Domestic cats primarily live in areas of human
habitation and are somewhat constrained to
developed areas. Most feral populations live in
close proximity to current or past human
settlements.

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Microbiology

•The presence of hair or fur.

Habit and Habitat:

HABIT AND HABITAT

Inhabiting fields, grasslands and woodlands. Gregarious, crepuscular (coming out of

HABIT AND HABITAT

HABIT AND HABITAT

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