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    Biochem Lab

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    1. Acids donate hydrogen ions and lower pH while bases accept hydrogen ions and raise pH. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. 2. Osmosis is the passive movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. Solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic depending on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. 3. Common carbohydrate tests include the Molisch test, anthrone test, and Benedict's test. Benedict's test uses color changes to indicate levels of reducing sugars from none to high.

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    Biochem Lab

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    813 cafe
    27 views24 pages
    1. Acids donate hydrogen ions and lower pH while bases accept hydrogen ions and raise pH. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. 2. Osmosis is the passive movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. Solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic depending on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. 3. Common carbohydrate tests include the Molisch test, anthrone test, and Benedict's test. Benedict's test uses color changes to indicate levels of reducing sugars from none to high.

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    1. Acids donate hydrogen ions and lower pH while bases accept hydrogen ions and raise pH. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. 2. Osmosis is the passive movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. Solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic depending on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. 3. Common carbohydrate tests include the Molisch test, anthrone test, and Benedict's test. Benedict's test uses color changes to indicate levels of reducing sugars from none to high.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    27 views24 pages

    Biochem Lab

    Uploaded by

    813 cafe
    1. Acids donate hydrogen ions and lower pH while bases accept hydrogen ions and raise pH. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. 2. Osmosis is the passive movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. Solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic depending on solute concentrations inside and outside the cell. 3. Common carbohydrate tests include the Molisch test, anthrone test, and Benedict's test. Benedict's test uses color changes to indicate levels of reducing sugars from none to high.

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    BIOCHEMISTRY:

    LaboratoryExperi
    ment
    Prepared by: Erika G. Macaraeg, RMT, DTA
    1.
    ACIDS, BASES
    and pH
    Definition:
    - According to Arrhenius
    Svante Arrhenius, A Swedish chemist in the late nineteenth century.
    According to him:

    An acid contains a hydrogen atom and dissolves in water to form a hydrogen ion, H+
    A base contains hydroxide and dissolves in water to form OH-
    Definition:
    - According to Bronsted and Lowry
    • Acids and bases are classified according to whenever they can donate
    or accept a proton

    A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor


    A Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor
    pH
    The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity (base)
    This pH test measures the amount of hydrogen ions that exists in a given solution.
    High concentrations of hydrogen ions yield a low pH (acidic substances), whereas low levels of hydrogen
    ions result in a high pH (basic substances).

    pH 7 - neutral, below 7 - acidic, greater than 7 - basic

    Acids are substances that provide hydrogen ions (H+) and lower pH, whereas bases provide hydroxide
    ions (OH–) and raise pH.
    2.
    OSMOSIS
    OSMOSIS
    Osmosis is a passive process and happens without any expenditure of energy.
    It involves the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration
    until the concentrations become equal on either side of the membrane

    There are three different types of solutions:


    ● Isotonic Solution
    ● Hypertonic Solution
    ● Hypotonic Solution

    An isotonic solution is one that has the same concentration of solutes both inside and outside the cell.
    A hypertonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside.
    A hypotonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration inside the cell than outside.

    .
    3.
    CARBOHYDRATES
    TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
    TEST PURPOSE PRINCIPLE POSITIVE REACTION

    MOLISCH used to check for the the carbohydrate (if present) undergoes dehydration formation of a
    TEST presence of upon the introduction of concentrated hydrochloric or purple or a
    carbohydrates in a sulphuric acid, resulting in the formation of an purplish-red ring
    given analyte aldehyde

    ANTHRONE general test for all carbohydrate gets dehydrated when react with conc. bluish green/green
    TEST carbohydrates. H2SO4 to form furfural. colored complex.

    BENEDICT’S used to check for the When a reducing sugar is subjected to heat in the Color change from
    TEST presence of reducing presence of an alkali, it gets converted into an blue
    sugars in a given enediol Therefore, when reducing sugars are present
    analyte. in the analyte, the cupric ions in Benedict’s reagent
    are reduced to cuprous ions
    BENEDICT’S TEST RESULT (FOR LEVELS OF REDUCING SUGAR)

    NO REDUCING SUGAR BLUE 0g%

    TRACE GREEN 0.5-1%

    LOW YELLOW 1-1.5g%

    MODERATE ORANGE 1.5-2%

    HIGH RED >2g%


    4.
    AMINO ACID
    TEST FOR AMINO ACID
    TEST PURPOSE PRINCIPLE POSITIVE REACTION

    MILLON’S analytical test used for the detection of the nitrification of the phenol group in formation of a red or
    TEST amino acid tyrosine, which is the only tyrosine, which then forms complexes pink colored
    amino acid containing the phenol group with heavy metals precipitate

    LEAD test for the detection of amino acids detection of sulfur in a solution by the formation of black
    ACETATE OR containing sulfur degradation of the S-H or S-S group in precipitate at the
    SULFUR TEST amino acids under strongly alkaline bottom of the test
    conditions tube

    HOPKINS used for the detection of indole ring and the compounds that have indole ring can formation of a
    COLE TEST thus, tryptophan in proteins. condense with aldehydes (more readily purple-colored ring
    with formic aldehyde) to form colorful at the junction of two
    condensation products layers.

    SAKAGUCHI To detect the presence of arginine in either Reaction between 1-naphthol and the demonstrated by the
    TEST free form or in proteins guanidinium groups in arginine, in the formation of red
    presence of an oxidizing agent. color.
    5.
    PROTEINS
    TEST FOR PROTEINS
    TEST PURPOSE PRINCIPLE POSITIVE REACTION

    XANTHOPROTEIC detect the presence of based on the fact that aromatic appearance of a
    ACID aromatic groups-containing groups in the amino acids are dark yellow or
    amino acids like tyrosine and nitrated by heating with orange-colored
    tryptophan. concentrated HNO3 solution

    NINHYDRIN detect the presence of based on the fact that two presence of a
    TEST amines and amino groups in molecules of ninhydrin react with purple-colored
    the test solution. a free alpha-amino acid complex in the
    tube; yellow for
    proline

    COAGULATION TEST
    ● A positive coagulation test with alcohol in protein indicates that the proteins are in good coagulation.
    ● The curdy white precipitate indicates that the proteins are in an ammonium sulfate solution This precipitate is
    a sign that the proteins have been denatured.
    6.
    ENZYMES
    Enzyme reaction:

    Temperature:
    Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction.
    However, extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop
    working

    Boiled enzyme speeds up the reaction


    Unboiled enzyme has a slower rate of reaction
    Presence of bubbles or white formation confirms enzyme reaction, the higher the foam indicates
    speeds up in enzyme activity

    What are the bubbles that you see in a positive reaction?

    The bubbles we see during a positive reaction are due to the elimination of oxygen from the reaction,
    because catala cleaves hydrogen peroxide to hyde water and oxygen
    5
    LIPIDS
    SOLUBILITY
    ✳ Lipids are a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring
    organic substances grouped together not by the presence of a
    distinguishing functional group or structural feature, but rather
    on the basis of common solubility properties.
    ✳ Lipids are all insoluble in polar solvents like water but highly
    soluble in the non-polar or weakly polar organic solvents,
    including ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone.
    “Learning is never done without
    errors and defeat.”
    —Vlademir Ledin

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