Storage devices

A storage device is used in the computers to

.store the data
 Types of Storage

:There are two types of storage

Primary Storage •
Secondary Storage •
 Primary Storage
.Also known as main memory •
Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to •
.the central processing unit via a memory bus
The CPU continuously reads instructions stored •
.there and executes them as required
:Example •
RAM –
ROM –
Cache –
 RAM
It is called Random Access Memory because any of •
the data in RAM can be accessed just as fast as any
.of the other data
:There are two types of RAM •
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) –
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) –
 DRAM
SRAM
 SDRAM
SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) is a generic
name for various kinds of dynamic random
access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized
with the clock speed that the microprocessor
.is optimized for
 RDRAM
Stands for "Rambus Dynamic Random Access
Memory." It is a type of RAM made by Rambus
and is the fastest type of computer memory
available. Typical SDRAM can transfer data at
speeds up to 133 MHz, while standard RDRAM
.can up over 1 GHz
 ROM
This memory is used as the computer •
.begins to boot up
Small programs called firmware are •
often stored in ROM chips on hardware
devices (like a BIOS chip), and they
contain instructions the computer can
use in performing some of the most
basic operations required to operate
.hardware devices
ROM memory cannot be easily or •
.quickly overwritten or modified
Types of ROM
PROM -
EPROM -
EEPROM -
 PROM
PROM or programmable ROM (programmable
read-only memory) is a computer memory chip
that can be programmed once after it is created.
Once the PROM is programmed, the
information written is permanent and cannot
be erased or deleted. PROM was first developed
by Wen Tsing Chow in 1956. An example of a
PROM is a computer BIOS in early computers.
Today, PROM in computers has been replaced
.by EEPROM
 EPROM
Short for Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory, EPROM is a
non-volatile memory chip that was
invented by Dov Frohman in 1971
while at Intel that can only be
read. If exposed to ultraviolet
light, an EPROM can be
reprogrammed if needed, but
otherwise does not accept or save
.any new data
 EEPROM
Short for electrically erasable
programmable read-only
memory, EEPROM is a PROM
 that can be erased and
reprogrammed using an
electrical charge. EEPROM was
developed by George Perlegos
 while at Intel in 1978 and
unlike most memory inside a
computer, it remembers its
.data without power
 Cache
Cache is a high-speed access area that can be •
either a reserved section of main memory or a
.storage device
Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2 •
cache, while older computers included only L1
.cache
Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a
buffer between RAM and the CPU. It holds frequently
requested data and instructions so that they are immediately
.available to the CPU when needed

Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data

.from the Main memory

The cache is a smaller and faster memory which stores copies

 .of the data from frequently used main memory locations
 Types of cache memory
L1 cache, or primary cache, is extremely fast but relatively
small, and is usually embedded in the processor chip as CPU
.cache
L2 cache, or secondary cache, is often more than L1. L2
cache may be embedded on the CPU, or it can be on a separate
.chip
L3 cache is specialized memory developed to improve the
performance of L1 and L2. L1 or L2 can be significantly faster
 .than L3, though L3 is usually double the speed of DRAM
 Secondary Storage
.It is not directly accessible by the CPU •
Computer usually uses its input/output channels to •
access secondary storage and transfers the desired
.data using intermediate area in primary storage
 Hard Disk
,The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest •
.data storage device in a computer
It can store anywhere from 160 gigabytes to more •
.than 2terabytes
Hard disk speed is the speed at which content can •
.be read and written on a hard disk
A hard disk unit comes with a set rotation speed •
.varying from 4500 to 7200 rpm
Disk access time is measured in milliseconds •
 HDD
Always contain more than one •
platter
,There is a head for each platter •
but the heads cannot move
independently
Cylinder – All tracks accessible •
without moving the head
assembly
Head – The device that writes •
data to and reads the surface of
one side of a platter
 SSD
Solid state drives, as the
name suggests, don’t have
any moving parts, unlike hard
disk drives. Instead, data is
stored on a series of NAND
chips, which can retain their
charge without a power
.source
 SSHD
Solid state hybrid drives or
SSHDs are a combination
of a traditional Hard Disk
Drive with a small amount
of SSD storage built into
.one Hybrid enclosure
 Tertiary Storage
It is a comprehensive computer storage system that •
is usually very slow, so it is usually used to archive
.data that is not accessed frequently
This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data •
.stores, accessed without human operators
:Examples •
Magnetic Tape –
Optical Disc –
 Magnetic Tape
A magnetically coated strip of •
plastic on which data can be
.encoded
Tapes for computers are similar to •
.tapes used to store music
Tape is much less expensive than •
other storage mediums but
commonly a much slower solution
.that is commonly used for backup
 Optical Disc
Optical disc is any storage media •
that holds content in digital
format and is read using a laser
assembly is considered optical
.media
The most common types of •
optical media are
Blu-ray (BD) –
Compact Disc (CD) –
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) –
 CD-ROM
CD-ROM stands for “Compact Disc Read
Only Memory”, and CD-ROM comes in the
“Random Access” category’s devices.
These types of disc can capable to store
.almost 800 MB of digital data
 DVD-ROM
DVD-ROM stands for “Digital
Versatile Disc – Read Only
Memory”, and it also comes in
the “Random Access”
category’s devices. DVD-ROM
discs can store data up to 4.7
GB, but Dual Layer DVD device’s
storage capacity is double.
These types of disc are used to
.store ultra quality video
 Blue Ray
Blue Ray discs are totally replaced
by DVDs, because these discs are
capable to hold data up to 25-50
GB, as well as double layer Blue
Rays discs can store double data.
Due to high storage capacity, Blue
Ray discs are used to store HD
.(High Definition) videos
 Off-line Storage
Also known as disconnected or removable •
.storage
Is a computer data storage on a medium or a device •
.that is not under the control of a processing unit
It must be inserted or connected by a human •
.operator before a computer can access it again
:Examples
Floppy Disk –
Zip diskette –
USB Flash drive –
Memory card –
 Floppy Disk
.A soft magnetic disk •
.Floppy disks are portable •
Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks •
and have less storage capacity, but they are much
.less expensive
.Can store data up to 1.44MB •
.”½ Two common sizes: 5 ¼” and 3 •
 Zip Diskette
Hardware data storage device •
developed by Iomega that
"functions like a Standard 1.44
.floppy drive
Capable to hold up to 100 MB of •
data or 250 MB of data on new
.drives
Now it less popular as users •
needed larger storage
capabilities
 USB Flash Drive
A small, portable flash memory card •
that plugs into a computer’s USB port
.and functions as a portable hard drive
Flash drives are available in sizes •
such as 256MB, 512MB,1GB, 5GB, and
16GB and are an easy way to transfer
.and store information
Now there are flashes with high●
.capacities 1TGB or more
 Memory Card
An electronic flash memory •
storage disk commonly used in
consumer electronic devices such
as digital cameras, MP3 players,
mobile phones, and other small
.portable devices
Memory cards are usually read •
by connecting the device
containing the card to your
computer, or by using a USB card
.reader
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