Focusing

FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY
Control in Camera
FOCUSING
• Focusing is the moving of the lens
elements until the sharpest possible
image is achieved.
• Depending on the distance of the

subject from the camera, the
focusing elements have to be set a
certain distance from the camera’s
sensor to form a clear image.
Focusing mechanism
• Focusing mechanism of any camera lens is
designed to shift the lens elements and focus
an object, which we are shooting. This
mechanism can be manual or automatic, but in
either case, it must move absolutely freely,
without any jerk.
• To allow your image to be sharp, or to allow

you to intentionally not focus, the camera and
lens work together to change the distance of
the lens from the sensor or film in order to
control where the captured light converges.
When the light converges precisely at the plane
of the film or sensor, the image is in focus.
Focusing Control
• The most important in a
camera is the focusing
control.
• Focus is the means by which

the object distance is
estimated or calculated to
form sharp or clear images.
In terms of focus, there are two types of
lenses sold today:
1. Auto focus
Modern auto focus lenses either show movement

of a ring or they will just move forward or
backward to focus an image. If a ring is provided,
which is a better option, then it has a distance
scale on it, which shows how far the focused
object is.
2. Manual focus lenses
• You simply turn the focusing ring by hand
until the subject is sharp in the view finder.
• Although AF lenses dominate the market
today, nearly all interchangeable. AF lenses
allow the user to over ride the AF mode
with the manual focus option.
• Their lenses usually have switch on the
barrel, so that you can choose one or the
other to suit the shooting circumstances.
Methods of Focusing:
1. Scale – bed or focusing scale

2. Rangefinders
a) Split – image
b) Co – incident image
3. Groundglass
Methods of Focusing
Scale Bed or Focusing Scale
The focusing mechanism of the camera

can be adjusted by means of estimation or
calculation of the object distance and the
camera.
2. Rangefinders
• In modern cameras, the rangefinder is coupled with the

viewfinder.
Two Types of Range finder:

a) Split image
b) Co-incident image
a) Split - image
• To determine focus with this type, pick a straight line in the subject and view it on the circle.
If the straight line is cut and separated from each other, the focusing is not correct. Rotate the
barrel of the lens until the said straight line is viewed as straight and the lens are in focus.
• This method of focusing is standard in single lens reflex camera. Since the viewing and
focusing is made from light rays passing through the lens, it is not affected by the problem of
parallax.
Split Image – through the range finder, the image of a straight line in the object appears
to be cut into halves and separated from each other when the lens is not in focus.
When the images of the line are aligned, the lens is in focus.
OUT OF FOCUS
b) Co – incident image
• This method of focusing is usually used on compact cameras with a
fixed lens.
• For emphasis, manufacturer of the camera usually add color to it,

generally a tint of yellow or green.
• To focus with this method, pick a single detail in the subject for
viewing in the viewfinder. If the single detail chosen appears with
double image, the distance or focus is incorrect. Rotate the lens
barrel until the two images viewed will coincide with each other and
you are “in focus”.
OUT OF FOCUS
Co-incident Image – through the eyepiece a single image is seen double when
the subject is out of focus. Make the image coincide and the lens is in focus.
c) Groundglass
• This method of focusing is accomplished by direct
observation of the image of the subject on a glass with
finely grounded surface.
• This groundglass is found at the back of a camera or in the
case of modern cameras, also couple with the viewfinder.
• The point of focus is where the image is sharpest.
• If the image appears to be blurred, fuzzy or not sharp, it is
out of focus.
GROUND GLASS
The point of focus is where the image is sharpest.

If the image appears to be blurred it is out of focus.
Parallax
• The change of
appearance and
orientation of objects
when seen from two
viewpoints. It is also
used to refer to the
distance between the
viewpoints themselves.
Exposure
• It is the action of recording radiant energy that produces a
change on a material or substance sensitive to such energy.
• In conventional photography materials, the action of the
exposing energy reduces or breaks down the silver halide
sufficiently to produce a latent (invisible) record of the pattern of
light intensity or in the case of printing material, a visible record.
• It is quantitative; it is the product of the total light intensity and
the length of time it strikes the emulsion
Exposure...
Bracketing
• This technique is used when exposure calculation that will
give a desired result is uncertain; make several exposures of
less than and more than the calculated exposure by two or
four f-stops/numbers each
Bracketing
 Shutter Priority – With a desired Shutter Speed, the lens
opening is adjusted to make a decent exposure. Shutter
priority is recommended in photographing moving objects.
Shutter Speed (ISO 100/21°) Lens opening (ƒ)

1000 1.8
500 2
250 4
125 5.6
60 8
30 11
15 16
1000 1.8
125 5.6
15 16
Exposure...
Exposure meter
• It measures light
intensities and
have calculators
or computer to
find camera
settings that will
produce good
exposures
OVER EXPOSURE
UNDER EXPOSURE
Thank you!
MAY
ANGAL?

Focusing

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FORENSIC

• Depending on the distance of the

• To allow your image to be sharp, or to allow

• Focus is the means by which

Modern auto focus lenses either show movement

1. Scale – bed or focusing scale

The focusing mechanism of the camera

• In modern cameras, the rangefinder is coupled with the

Two Types of Range finder:

• For emphasis, manufacturer of the camera usually add color to it,

The point of focus is where the image is sharpest.

Shutter Speed (ISO 100/21°) Lens opening (ƒ)

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