UNIT II

CENTRE LATHE AND SPECIAL PURPOSE

LATHES

Dr. G.K SATHISHKUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LOYOLA ICAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
 -Semi-automatic
- used for high production work.
- In this lathe the tail stock is replaced by a hexagonal
turret, on the face of which multiple tools can be fitted
and fed into the work piece in proper sequence.
 -Machining of more than one surface can be done at
the same time.
 The headstock is the powered end and is always at the operator’s left.
 This contains the speed changing gears and the revolving, driving spindle, to which any
one of several types of work holders is attached. The center of the spindle is hollow so that
long bars may be put through it for machining. .
 A live centre, a face plate, collet or a chuck can be fitted to the spindle nose to hold and
drive the work.
 Headstock spindle can be driven by a stepped pulley and a belt or by transmission gears in
the headstock.
 The Bed forms the base of a Lathe machine.
 It provides a heavy rigid frame on which all the other basic
components are mounted. It must be rigid enough to resist
deflection in any direction under load.
 The bed is made of cast iron or a steel weldment, in a box or I-beam
shape, and is supported on legs, a cabinet, or a bench.
 The headstock and the tailstock are located at either end of the bed
and the carriage rests over the Lathe bed and slides over it.
 The tailstock is located on the inner ways at the right end of the bed.
 It supports the other end of the work when it is being machined
between centers, and
 It holds a tool for performing operations such as drilling, reaming
 The tailstock is non-rotating but on hardened ways, it can be moved,
to the left or right, to adjust to the length of the work. It can also be
offset for cutting small angle tapers.
 The carriage can be moved left or right either by hand wheel or power
feed. This provides the motion along the Z-axis.
 During this travel turning cuts are made.
 Carriage consists of the following parts: (1) Saddle, (2) Cross-slide,
(3) Compound-slide or compound rest, (4) Tool post, and (5) Apron.
 The saddle is an H-shaped casting that fits over the bed and slides
along the bed ways.
 It carries the cross-slide and tool post.
 The cross slide is mounted on the carriage and can be moved in and
out (X-axis) perpendicular to the carriage motion.
 This is the part that moves when facing cuts are made with power
feed, or at any time a cut must be made ‘square’ with the Z-axis.
 This, or the compound, is also used to set the depth of cut when
turning.
 The cross slide can be moved by its hand wheel or by power feed.

Cross Slide
The size of a lathe is specified by two or three dimensions:
 Maximum swing diameter without touching the bed (C) : The

largest diameter workpiece which will clear the bed of the lathe. The
center is the headstock spindle center.
 Maximum swing diameter without touching the cross slide (D): The

largest diameter workpiece which will clear the cross slide is

sometimes also specified.
 Distance Between Centres (B): The longest workpiece which can be

held on centers between the headstock and the tailstock.

 Length of Bed (A).

 The range of speeds and feeds, and the horsepower available.

1. Back geared headstock
2. All Geared Head Stock
1.Tumbler gear reversing mechanism
2. Quick change gearbox
 3. Tumbler Gear-Quick change gearbox
4. Apron Mechanism
Apron mechanism is used for transferring rotary motion of the feed rod and the
lead screw into feed motion of the carriage.
Both automatic longitudinal and cross-feed can be provided to the carriage by
gears and clutch engagements.
The mechanism is so designed that when the half-nut is engaged with the lead
screw, the automatic feed motion from the feedrod is disconnected.
There is an interlocking device when prevents simultaneous engagement of the
carriage with the feed shaft and leadscrew and saves the machine from any
probable damage.
This arrangement of the apron is called fool-proof mechanism.
1. Chucks
I. Three jaw chuck or self-centering chuck
II. Four jaw chuck or independent chuck
III. Magnetic chuck
 2. Centres
1. Catch plate
2. Lathe dogs
3. Lathe centres
4. Work held between centres

For accurate machining, cylindrical parts can be turned between centers.

Hardened “dead” centers are mounted in the Hardened “live” centers are mounted in the
tailstock; they do not rotate with the tailstock; they rotate with the work piece and
workpiece and must be lubricated. do not need lubrication
• A face plate consists of a circular disc bored out and thread to
fit the nose of the spindle.
• This has radial, plain and T slots for holding work by bolts and
clamps.
• Face plates are used for holding workpieces which cannot be
held conveniently held between centers or chucks .

4. Angle plate
• A mandrel is a device for holding and rotating
hollow workpiece that has been previous drilled or
bored.
• The work revolves with the mandrel which is
mounted between two centers.
• It is generally made of high carbon steel.
• The ends are slightly smaller in diameter and
flattened to provide effective gripping surface of the
lathe dog screws.
6. Steady & Follower rest
 Turning: Produce straight, conical, curved, or grooved
workpieces
 Facing: To produce a flat surface at the end of the part or for
making face grooves.
 Boring: To enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by a
previous process or to produce circular internal grooves.
 Drilling: To produce a hole by fixing a drill in the tailstock
 Threading: To produce external or internal threads
 Knurling: To produce a regularly shaped roughness on
cylindrical surfaces
• A taper may be defined as a uniform increase or
decrease in diameter of a work piece measured along its
length.
• In a Lathe taper turning is an operation to produce a
conical surface by gradual reduction in diameter from a
cylindrical job.
• Taper turning can be done by the following ways;
• By a form tool.
• By setting over the tailstock.
• By taper turning attachment.
• By compound feed.
 Where, D = Large diameter of taper in
mm.
d = small diameter of taper in mm.
D d l = length of taper part in mm
α
2α = full taper angle
α = angle of taper angle or half
B
α C taper angle.
A From figure
l
Dd
AB 
2
BC  l
Dd
K Dd The amount of taper in a work piece is
l  tan  
2l specified by ratio of the difference in
K diameters of the taper to its length. This is
 tan   termed as conicity and designated by
2 letter K.
 K  2 tan 
 3. Compound rest method
1. Form tool method

4. Taper turning attachment method

2. Tailstock set over method

B
α S
d
C
A α

l
CAPSTAN LATHE
TURRET LATHE
Tool Layout
• In order to perform any work on turret lathes, proper planning for
systematic operations to be carried out in advance before setting the
work on lathe. The following procedures should be adopted to plan and
execute a work.
• For effective planning and control, for each turret lathe upto-date capacity
chart is an essential requirement. This chart is supplied by the
manufacturers contains every working details of the machine such as the
maximum and minimum diameter of the work that can be mounted,
maximum length of stroke of the turret and saddle, maximum length of
the cross slide movement, tools available etc.
• For tooling layout, a drawing of the finished part is required.
• Proper selection of tools and tool holder is to be made.
• Then the finished drawing is to be superimposed on the capacity chart
and the tools to be used are drawn out in proper sequence. The length of
travel of each tool is now calculated from the chart and position of stop
decided.
• Proper spindle speed, feed and depth of cut is then decided.
• The work and the tools are then set on the machine according to the
planned chart.
• A typical example of such chart is given below.
Tool Layout
Production of a hexagonal bolt
The planning for Production of a hexagonal bolt is given below:
• The capacity chart is made available.
• The drawing of the finished hexagonal bolt is taken into consideration.

10 mm
37 mm

16 mm

Hexagonal Bolt

• The tools and equipments such as bar stop, roller steady turning tool holder,
roller steady bar ending tool holder, self opening die head, chamfering tool,
parting tool are collected.
• The drawing of the work and tools are superimposed on the capacity chart to
decide the length of travel of the tool and the position of stops.
Production of a hexagonal bolt

REAR
SQUARE TURRET

T2 T3
T6

WORK T1 T4
HEX TURRET

T5

FRONT
SQUARE TURRET

T1 = Bar stop, T2 = Roller steady box turning tool, T3 = Bar ending tool,
T4 = Self-opening die head, T5 = Chamfering tool and T6 = Parting tool

•Proper speeds and feeds for each operation are next calculated.
Production of a hexagonal bolt
•Setting and machining operation are performed in the following order:
Setting of bar stops: The bar stop is placed on the first turret face. The bar stop is
set at a distance of 70 mm from the collet face. An extra length of 10 mm than the
bolt length is allowed, 4mm for parting off and 6 mm clearance of the collet face so
that the parting off tool may penetrate deep into work without interference.

Setting of the roller steady box turning tool: The roller steady box turning tool is
set on the next turret face for turning a diameter of 16 mm. The stop for turning tool
is set 20 mm from the collet face.
Production of a hexagonal bolt
Setting of bar ending tool: The bar ending tool is set on the next turret face and is
brought into operation after turning the bar. The stop is adjusted in position
accordingly.

Setting of self opening die head: The self opening die head is mounted on the
next face of the turret and dies are fitted into it to cut a thread of 16 mm diameter.
The stop is adjusted in position keeping in view the pulling out length of the die for
self releasing.
Production of a hexagonal bolt
Setting of chamfering tool: The chamfering tool is mounted on the four station
turret on the cross slide and the extreme longitudinal position of the saddle is
adjusted by a stop. The cross feed movement of the cross slide is also adjusted by
a stop.

Setting of parting off tool: The parting off tool is set on the rear tool post on the
cross slide and longitudinal position of the parting tool is adjusted by the stop set at
a distance of 6 mm from the turret face.