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    The Nose

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    Edward Munyaradzi Kutsanzira
    The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx leads to the larynx and trachea. The trachea branches into bronchi which lead to the lungs. In the lungs, bronchioles terminate in alveoli which facilitate gas exchange with blood vessels. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help draw air into and push it out of the lungs during breathing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Nose

    Uploaded by

    Edward Munyaradzi Kutsanzira
    28 views60 pages
    The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx leads to the larynx and trachea. The trachea branches into bronchi which lead to the lungs. In the lungs, bronchioles terminate in alveoli which facilitate gas exchange with blood vessels. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help draw air into and push it out of the lungs during breathing.

    Original Title

    THE NOSE

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    The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx leads to the larynx and trachea. The trachea branches into bronchi which lead to the lungs. In the lungs, bronchioles terminate in alveoli which facilitate gas exchange with blood vessels. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help draw air into and push it out of the lungs during breathing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views60 pages

    The Nose

    Uploaded by

    Edward Munyaradzi Kutsanzira
    The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells and removes carbon dioxide. It consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx leads to the larynx and trachea. The trachea branches into bronchi which lead to the lungs. In the lungs, bronchioles terminate in alveoli which facilitate gas exchange with blood vessels. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles help draw air into and push it out of the lungs during breathing.

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    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    ptb
    INTRODUCTION
    • The cells of the body derive energy for
    metabolic activities from chemical reactions
    which take place in the presence of oxygen,
    and the waste product is carbon dioxide.
    • The respiratory system provides the route by
    which oxygen enters the body and carbon
    dioxide is excreted and blood is the transport
    means for these gases.
    Objectives
    • By the end of this lesson students should be
    able to
    • Define the key terms used in the respiratory
    system
    • List and draw the organs of respiration
    • Describe the anatomy of the respiratory
    organs
    DEFINITION OF TERMS
    INSPIRATION
    • Breathing in/ drawing in breathe
    EXPIRATION
    • Breathing out
    BREATHING
    • The act of inspiration and expiration
    ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

    • These consist of the following


    • The nose
    • Pharynx
    • Larynx
    • Trachea
    • Two bronchi (bronchus)
    • Bronchioles ,Alveoli
    • Two lungs
    RESP ORGANS CONT
    • The pleura
    • Intercostal muscles
    • The diaphragm
    THE NOSE
    DEFINITION
    • The nose is the main route of air entry which
    consists of two irregular cavities which are
    divided by a septum.
    STRUCTURE
    • The nose is lined with very vascular ciliated
    columnar epithelium which contain mucous
    secreting goblets.
    OPENINGS INTO THE NASAL CAVITY
    • The anterior nares or nostrils are the
    openings from outside into the nasal
    cavity.
    • It has nasal hairs with sticky mucus.
    • The posterior nares are the openings from the
    nasal cavity into the pharynx.
    • Paranasal sinuses are cavities in the bones of
    the face and the cranium that contain air.
    MAIN SINUSES
    • The main sinuses are
    • Maxillary sinuses found in the lateral walls
    • Frontal and Sphenoidal sinuses on the roof
    • Ethmoid sinuses found in the upper part of the
    lateral wall.
    • The sinuses lighten the skull. The nasolacrimal
    ducts extend from the walls of the nose to the
    conjuctival sacs of the eyes and they drain tears
    from the eyes.
    FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE
    • It is the first organ of respiration through
    which inspired air passes and the last organ
    through which expired air passes.
    • It warms, moistens and filters air. (the
    immense vascularity warms the air).
    • The nose is also the organ of smell the nerve
    endings that detect smell are located in the
    roof of the nose.
    THE PHARYNX
    DEFINITION
    • The pharynx is a tube 12-14 cm long which
    extends from the base of the skull to the level of
    the 6th cervical vertebrae

    ORGANS ASSOCIATED
    • Superiorly- base of the skull
    • Inferiorly- Oesophagus
    • Anteriorly-openings into the nose and larynx
    THE PHARYNX
    • POSTERIORLY-Bodies of the cervical vertebrae
    STRUCTURE
    • The pharynx is divided into three parts, i.e. the
    nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the
    laryngopharynx
    THE NASO PHARYNX
    • The part that lies behind the nose and on the
    lateral walls are the opening of the auditory
    tubes.
    THE OROPHARYNX
    • The oral part of the pharynx which lies behind
    the mouth. During swallowing the nasal and
    oral parts are separated by the soft palate and
    the Uvula
    THE LARYNGOPHARYNX
    • Extends as the oropharynx above and
    continues as the oesophagus.
    LINING OF THE PHARYNX
    MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING
    • Differs with the regions
    • In the nasopharynx it consists of ciliated column
    epithelium
    • In the oropharynx and laryngopharynx consists
    of tougher stratified squamous epithelium which
    protects underlying tissues abrasive action of
    foodstuffs passing through it during swallowing.
    • SMOOTH MUSCLE
    • The pharyngeal muscle keeps the pharynx
    permanently open to prevent interference
    with breathing.
    • Sometimes in sleep the tone of these muscles
    is reduced and the opening through the
    pharynx is partially or total obstructed causing
    snoring.
    • The constrictor muscles constrict the pharynx
    during swallowing pushing food into the
    oesophagus.
    SUBMUCOSA
    • The layer of tissue below the epithelium which
    is rich in mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue
    which is for protection against infection.
    BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY
    BLOOD SUPPLY
    • Branches of the facial artery
    VENOUS RETURN
    • Into the facial and internal jugular veins
    NERVE SUPPLY
    Pharyngeal plexus formed by parasympathetic
    and sympathetic nerves
    FUNCTIONS
    • Warming and humidifying air
    • Passage for air and food, air passes through
    the nasal and oral section and food through
    the oral and laryngeal sections.
    • Taste olfactory nerve endings are in the mouth
    and pharyngeal parts
    • Hearing auditory tube extends from the
    nasopharynx to each middle ear
    • Protection- pharyngeal and laryngeal tonsils
    produces antibodies.
    • Speech- pharynx acts as a resonating chamber
    for ascending sound from the larynx which
    gives the characteristics of voice.
    THE LARYNX
    • The larynx or voice box extends from the root of
    the tongue and the hyoid bone to the trachea
    ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
    • Superiorly-The hyoid bone and root of the
    tongue
    • INFERIORLY-Trachea
    • ANTERIORLY-Muscles of the neck and hyoid
    bone
    • Posteriorly-Laryngopharynx 3rd and 6th cervical
    vertebrae
    • Laterally-Lobes of the thyroid gland

    STRUCTURE
    • It is composed of several irregularly shaped
    cartilages attached to each other by ligaments
    and membranes
    • The cartilages that make up the larynx are
    • 1 thyroid cartilage
    • 1 cricoid cartilage
    • 2arytenoid cartilages
    • 1 epiglottis
    • The thyroid cartilage /Adams apple
    • Consists of two fused plates that form anterior
    wall of the larynx.
    FUCTIONS
    • Production of sound that is the pitch, volume
    and resonance
    • Speech this occurs during expiration
    • Protection of the lower respiratory tract
    • Passage way for air
    • Humidifying, filtering and warming of air
    THE TRACHEA
    THE TRACHEA
    DEFINITION
    • The trachea or wind pipe is a continuation of
    the larynx and extends downwards to the level
    of the fifth thoracic vertebra were it bifurcates
    into the right and left bronchi.

    ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
    • Superiorly-the larynx
    ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES CONT
    • Inferiorly -the bronchi
    • Anteriorly - Lower part of the arch of the
    aorta, the sternum, isthmus of the
    thyroid gland.
    • Posteriorly -oesophagus
    • Laterally-the lungs and the lobes of thyroid
    gland
    STRUCTURE
    • Composed of 3 layers of tissue and held open by
    16-20 incomplete (c-shaped) rings of hyaline
    cartilage.
    • These rings are incomplete posteriorly and are
    made of involuntary muscle.

    3 LAYERS OF TISSUE
    • Outer layer consists of fibrous and elastic tissue
    and encloses the cartilages.
    STRUCTURE CONT
    • Middle layer consists of cartilages and bands
    of smooth muscle that wind round the trachea
    • The inner lining consists of ciliated columnar
    epithelium containing mucus-secreting
    goblets.

    BLOOD SUPPLY
    • By the inferior thyroid and bronchial arteries.
    VENOUS DRAINAGE
    • By the inferior thyroid veins that drain into the
    brachiocephalc veins.

    NERVE SUPPLY
    • Recurrent laryngeal nerves for
    parasympathetic nerves
    • Sympathetic nerve supply is by nerves from
    the sympathetic ganglia.
    FUNCTIONS
    SUPPORT AND PATENCY
    • Arrangement of cartilage and elastic tissue
    prevents kinking and obstruction of the airway
    as the head and neck move.
    • Absence of cartilage at the back allows the
    trachea to dilate and constrict
    FUNCTIONS CONT
    MUCOCILLARY ESCALATOR
    • Beating of the cilia of the mucous membrane
    lining that wafts mucus with adherent particles
    upwards for swallowing or coughing up.
    COUGH REFLEX
    • Nerve endings in the larynx, trachea and bronchi
    are sensitive to irritation, which generates nerve
    impulses to the respiratory centre in the brain
    stem.
    FUNCTIONS CONT
    WARMING HUMIDIFYING AND FILTERING
    • The trachea continues to warm ,humidify and
    filter air
    THE LUNGS

    DEFINATION
    • 2 Cone –shaped organs of respiration one
    lying on each side of the midline in the
    thoracic cavity.
    STRUCTURE
    • The lungs are made up of the apex, a base,
    costal surface and medial surface.
    THE LUNGS CONT
    THE APEX
    • Rounded part that rises to the root of the neck
    and lies close to the first rib

    THE BASE
    • Semilunar and concave shaped part
    LUNGS CONT
    • THE COSTAL SURFACE
    • Convex part and lies against the costal
    cartilages, the ribs and the intercostal muscles.

    • THE MEDIAL SURFACE


    • Concave surface with a roughly triangular
    shaped area called the hilium where some
    structures enter and leave the lungs
    LUNGS
    ORGANISATION OF THE LUNGS
    • The right lung is divided into 3 lobes i.e.
    superior, middle and inferior lobe.
    • The left lung is smaller because the heart also
    occupies some space.
    • It is divided into two lobes, the superior, and
    the inferior lobes.
    The pleura
    • The pleura is the serous membrane lining
    the thorax and it encloses and protects
    each lung.
    • It is made up of two layers , the parietal
    and visceral pleura
    • The outer layer is attached to the wall of the
    thoracic cavity and the inside of the chest wall
    it is called the PARIETAL PLEURA
    • The inner layer which is called the visceral
    pleura covers the lobes of the lungs
    themselves
    THE PLEURAL CAVITY
    • This is a potential space and the two layers are
    separated by a thin film of serous fluid that
    prevents friction between them.
    • The two layers glide over each other like two
    pieces of glass separated by a thin film of
    water
    • If one layer is punctured the under lying lung
    collapses
    THE INTERIOR OF THE LUNGS
    • Lungs are composed of the bronchi smaller air
    passages alveoli connective tissue blood vessels
    lymph vessels and nerves all in elastic connective
    tissue

    PULMONARY BLOOD SUPPLY


    • The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and
    left pulmonary arteries which transport
    deoxygenated blood
    PULMONARY BLOOD SUPPLY
    • In the lungs each pulmonary artery divides
    into many branches that end up into a dense
    capillary network of the alveoli.
    • The alveoli and the capillaries each consist of
    one layer of flattened epithelial cell.
    • The exchange of gases take place across these
    two membranes.
    • .
    • The pulmonary capillaries join up to form two
    pulmonary veins in each lung which now carry
    oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the
    heart
    BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES
    • The bronchi are formed when the trachea
    divides.
    • THE RIGHT BRONCHUS
    • This is wider, shorter and more vertical than the
    left bronchus and is more likely to be obstructed
    by foreign bodies.
    • It is approximately 2.5cm long. At the hilum it
    divides into three branches one to each lobe of
    the lungs
    BRONCHI
    • Each branch further divides into many small
    branches.

    THE LEFT BRONCHUS


    • About 5cm long and narrower than the right
    • At the hilum it divides into two branches and
    the branches further divide into small tubules
    BRONCHI
    • Each branch further divides into many small
    branches.

    THE LEFT BRONCHUS


    • About 5cm long and narrower than the right
    • At the hilum it divides into two branches and
    the branches further divide into small tubules
    STRUCTURE
    • Composed of the same tissue as the trachea
    lined with columnar epithelium
    • Bronchi subdivides into bronchioles, terminal
    bronchioles respiratory bronchioles ,alveoli
    ducts and the alveoli.
    • In the distal bronchioles the ciliated columnar
    mucous membrane changes to non ciliated
    cuboidal shaped cells.
    BRONCHI CONT
    BLOOD SUPPLY
    • This is by the branches of the right and left
    bronchial arteries

    VENOUS DRAINAGE
    • Mainly through the bronchial veins. The right
    side empties into the azygos vein and the left
    into the superior intercostal veins
    BRONCHI CONT
    NERVE SUPPLY
    • Vagus nerves-parasympathetic that stimulate
    bronchoconstriction.
    • Sympathetic stimulation that causes broncho
    dilation
    FUNCTIONS

    • Warming and humidifying air


    • Support and patency
    • Removal of particulate matter
    • Cough reflex
    • Control of air entry by contraction or
    relaxation of the smooth muscles
    RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES AND ALVEOLI

    • In the lungs further division is done by fine sheets of


    connective tissue into lobules.
    • The lobules are supplied with air by terminal bronchiole
    and further subdivided into respiratory bronchioles,
    alveolar ducts and large numbers of alveoli(air sac)
    • Gas exchange occurs in these structures
    • Distal respiratory passages are supported by a loose
    network of elastic connective tissue were macrophages
    fibroblasts, nerves, blood and lymph vessels embed.
    ALVEOLI CONT
    • The alveoli are surrounded by a dense
    network of capillaries.
    • Exchange of gases takes place across two
    membranes called the respiratory membrane
    (alveoli and capillary membrane)
    • Blood supply
    FUNCTIONS
    • For exchange of gases
    • external respiration-exchange of gases
    between the blood and the lungs.
    • Internal respiration-exchange in the tissues
    • Warming and humidifying air.
    • Defense against microbes relies on protective
    cells within the lung tissue which are
    lymphocytes and plasma cells

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