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    Solutions

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    Peter Jeff Laureta
    This document provides definitions and information about solutions and solubility. It begins by defining a solution as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase, with one constituent regarded as the solvent and others as solutes. It then discusses parts of a solution including the solute and solvent. Several factors that affect solubility are described, such as temperature, polarity, and molecular size. The document provides examples of different types of solutions and discusses concepts like saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions. It also explains processes involved in dissolution and factors that influence solubility.

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    Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Peter Jeff Laureta
    223 views49 pages
    This document provides definitions and information about solutions and solubility. It begins by defining a solution as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase, with one constituent regarded as the solvent and others as solutes. It then discusses parts of a solution including the solute and solvent. Several factors that affect solubility are described, such as temperature, polarity, and molecular size. The document provides examples of different types of solutions and discusses concepts like saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions. It also explains processes involved in dissolution and factors that influence solubility.

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    This document provides definitions and information about solutions and solubility. It begins by defining a solution as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase, with one constituent regarded as the solvent and others as solutes. It then discusses parts of a solution including the solute and solvent. Several factors that affect solubility are described, such as temperature, polarity, and molecular size. The document provides examples of different types of solutions and discusses concepts like saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions. It also explains processes involved in dissolution and factors that influence solubility.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    223 views49 pages

    Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Peter Jeff Laureta
    This document provides definitions and information about solutions and solubility. It begins by defining a solution as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase, with one constituent regarded as the solvent and others as solutes. It then discusses parts of a solution including the solute and solvent. Several factors that affect solubility are described, such as temperature, polarity, and molecular size. The document provides examples of different types of solutions and discusses concepts like saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions. It also explains processes involved in dissolution and factors that influence solubility.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 49

    D’ CHEMISTRY OF

    SOLUTIONS

    JULIUS P. GUILLERMO
    Subject Teacher
    SOME DEFINITIONS
    A solution is a
    _______________
    mixture of 2 or more
    substances in a single
    phase.
    One constituent is
    usually regarded as the
    SOLVENT and the
    others as SOLUTES.
    SOME DEFINITIONS
    Solutions are
    homogeneous
    mixtures of two or
    more pure
    substances.
    In a solution, the
    solute is dispersed
    uniformly throughout
    the solvent.
    PARTS OF A SOLUTION
    ACTIVITY 2.1

    • SOLUTE – the part of a IDENTIFYING COMPONENTS OF SOLUTIONS

    solution that is being Solution Solute Solvent


    dissolved
    Air in balloon O2 N2
    (usually the lesser amount)
    • SOLVENT – the part of Ammonia water
    NH3 H2O
    a solution that dissolves Rubbing
    the solute alcohol (70%) H2O Isopropyl alcohol

    (usually the greater amount) Rubbing


    alcohol (40%) Ethyl alcohol H2O
    • Solute + Solvent = Tincture of
    Iodine Iodine Alcohol
    Solution
    Sea water
    Salt H2O
    WHICH IS WHICH 1 ROUND st

     Identify the solute and solvent in each of the


    following solutions.
     1.0 g of sugar dissolved in 100 g of water.
     50 mL of water mixed with 20 mL isopropyl alcohol
     A tincture of Iodine is prepared with 0.10 g I2 and 10.0 mL of
    ethyl alcohol.
     40 % ethanol a rubbing alcohol.

     Sugar is the smaller quantity that is dissolving. Therefore it the solute and water is the solvent.
     Since both water and isopropyl alcohol are liquids, the one smaller volume, is the solute and
    water is the solvent.
     Iodine is the solute and ethyl alcohol is the solvent.
     Ethanol is the solvent and water is the solute.
    WHICH IS WHICH 2 ROUND nd

     Identify the solute and solvent in each of the


    following solutions.

     10 g NaCl and 100 g of water.


     50 mL ethanol and 10 mL H2O
     2.0 L oxygen and 8.0 L nitrogen.
    100 g silver and 40 g mercury.
     100 mL H2O and 5.0 g sugar
    TYPE OF SOLUTION
     Gas
     Liquid
     Solid
    SOME EXAMPLES OF SOLUTION
    SOLUTION SOLUTE SOLVENT EXAMPLE

    Gas in a
    gas Oxygen Nitrogen Air
    Gas in a
    liquid CO2 H2O Soda water

    Liquid in a
    liquid Acetic acid H2O Vinegar

    Solid in a
    liquid Sugar H2O Sugar syrup

    Liquid in a
    solid Hg Ag Dental
    amalgam
    Solid in a Brass or
    solid Carbon
    Zinc Copper
    Iron Steel
    D’ UNIVERSAL SOLVENT

    WATER
    H2 O
    HOW SOLUTIONS ARE

    FORMED?
    DEFINE SOLUTIONS
    Solutions are
    homogeneous
    mixtures of two or
    more pure
    substances.
    In a solution, the
    solute is dispersed
    uniformly throughout
    the solvent.
    How Does a Solution Form?
    1. Solvent molecules attracted to surface ions.
    2. Each ion is surrounded by solvent molecules.
    3. Enthalpy (DH) changes with each interaction
    broken or formed.

    Ionic solid dissolving in water


    How Does a Solution Form?
     The ions are
    solvated
    (surrounded by solvent).
     If the solvent is
    water, the ions are
    hydrated.
     The
    intermolecular forc
    es
    .
    What is solvation?
    solvation is an
    interaction of a
    solute with the
    solvent, which
    leads to
    stabilization of
    the solute in the
    solution.
    KINDS OF SOLUTION
    Dilute
    small amount of
    solute dispersed
    in the solvent
    Concentrated
    large amount of
    solute is dissolved
    in the solvent
    Types of Solutions Based on Solute
    Concentration…
    Hypotonic
    (lower solute
    concentration) to
    the solution
    Hypertonic
    (higher solute
    concentration) to
    the solution
    Types of Solutions Based on Solute
    Concentration…

    Isotonic
    solutions are equal
    in their solute
    concentrations.
    We say that they
    are isotonic to
    each other.
    QUESTIONS THAT NEEDS SOLUTIONS…

    How does a solid


    dissolve into a
    liquid?
    What ‘drives’ the
    dissolution process?
    What are the
    energetics of
    dissolution?
    WHAT IS DISSOLUTION ?

    • is the process by
    which a solid, 
    liquid or gas 
    forms a solution 
    in a solvent.
    DISSOLUTION PROCESS IN SOLIDS…

    • In solids this can be


    explained as the
    breakdown of the
    crystal lattice into
    individual ions, atoms
    or molecules and their
    transport into the
    solvent.
    DISSOLUTION PROCESS IN LIQUIDS & GASES…

    • For liquids and


    gases, the
    molecules must be
    compatible with
    those of the solvent
    for a solution to
    form.
    Dissolution vs Reaction

    Ni(s) + HCl (aq) NiCl2(aq) + H2(g)


    dry NiCl (s)
    2

    • Dissolution is a physical change—you can get back


    the original solute by evaporating the solvent.
    • If you can’t, the substance didn’t dissolve, it reacted.
    DEFINE
    SOLUBILITY?
    What is Solubility?
    • refers to the maximum
    amount of solute, expressed
    in grams, that can be
    dissolved in 100 g of water
    at a specific temperature &
    pressure.
    VOCABULARY

    Soluble
    a substance that
    dissolves in a solvent
    Insoluble
    a substance that
    does not dissolve in
    a solvent (sand is
    insoluble in water)
    LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.7
    SOLUBILITY IN WATER
    ETHYL
    SUBSTANCES KEROSENE OIL ALCOHOL WATER
    Sugar INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
    Salt INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
    Detergent INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
    Powdered INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
    chalk
    Powdered SOLUBLE SOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
    charcoal
    Sulfur SOLUBLE SOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE
    powder
    CuSO4 INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
    KMnO4 INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE S/SOLUBLE SOLUBLE
    VOCABULARY

    Immiscible
    Two liquids that are
    insoluble
    (Oil & Vinegar)
    Miscible
    Two liquids that are
    soluble in each other
    (Alcohol & Water)
    SOLVENT WATER KEROSENE ACETONE ALCOHOL

    Oil IMMISCIBLE MISCIBLE MISCIBLE S/MISCIBLE


    Degree of Saturation
    Saturated solution
    Solvent holds as much
    solute as is possible at
    that temperature.
    Undissolved solid
    remains in flask.
    Dissolved solute is in
    dynamic equilibrium
    with solid solute
    particles.
    Degree of Saturation
     Unsaturated Solution
    Less than the
    maximum amount
    of solute for that
    temperature is
    dissolved in the
    solvent.
    No solid remains in
    flask.
    Degree of Saturation

    Supersaturated
     Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that
    temperature.
     These solutions are unstable; crystallization can often be
    stimulated by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side
    of the flask.
    FACTORS AFFECTING
    SOLUBILITY
    Factors Affecting Solubility
    • Chemists use the
    axiom
    • “like dissolves like”
    Polar substances
    tend to dissolve in
    polar solvents.
    Nonpolar substances
    tend to dissolve in
    nonpolar solvents.
    LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.8
    FACTORS SOLUBILITY

    SOLVENT WATER KEROSENE ACETONE ALCOHOL

    Oil IMMISCIBLE MISCIBLE MISCIBLE S/MISCIBLE

    SOLVENT NaCl C12H22O11 C10H8 I2

    Water SOLUBLE SOLUBLE INSOLUBLE INSOLUBLE


    Temperature
    Generally, the
    solubility of
    solid solutes in
    liquid solvents
    increases with
    increasing
    temperature.
    LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.8
    FACTORS SOLUBILITY

    SOLUTE COLD HOT TIME TO


    WATER WATER DISSOLVE

    Salt TAKES TIME EASILY


    TO DISSOLVE DISSOLVED

    Sugar TAKES TIME EASILY


    TO DISSOLVE DISSOLVED

    KNO3 TAKES TIME EASILY


    TO DISSOLVE DISSOLVED
    Temperature
     The opposite is true of
    gases.
    • Higher temperature drives
    gases out of solution.
    Carbonated soft drinks
    are more “bubbly” if
    stored in the
    refrigerator.
    Warm lakes have less
    O2 dissolved in them
    than cool lakes.
    Molecular Size
     The larger the molecules of the solute are, the larger is their molecular
    weight and their size.
     It is more difficult it is for solvent molecules to surround bigger
    molecules.
     If all of the above mentioned factors all excluded, a general rule can be
    found that larger particles are generally less soluble. 
     If the pressure, and temperature are the same than out of two solutes of
    the same polarity, the one with smaller particles is usually more soluble.
    LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.8
    FACTORS SOLUBILITY

    SOLVENT REFINED SALT ROCK SALT

    Water EASILY TAKES TIME


    DISSOLVED TO DISSOLVE

    SOLVENT REFINED KNO3 KNO3


    CRYSTALS

    Water EASILY TAKES TIME


    DISSOLVED TO DISSOLVE
    Effect of Stirring
     Stirring only increases the
    speed of the process - it
    increases the movement of
    the solvent that exposes
    solute , thus enabling
    solubility.
     As molecules in liquid
    substances are in constant
    move, the process would
    take place anyway, but it
    would take more time.
    LABORATORY ACTIVITY 2.8
    FACTORS SOLUBILITY

    SOLUTE SET-UP W/ UNDISTURBED TIME TO


    STIRRING SET-UP DISSOLVE

    CuSO4 DISSOLVES TAKES TIME


    FASTER DISSOLVES

    KNO3 DISSOLVES TAKES TIME


    FASTER DISSOLVES
    Factors Affecting Solubility

    The stronger the


    intermolecular
    attractions
    between solute
    Example: ethanol in water and solvent, the
    Ethanol = CH3CH2OH
    more likely the
    Intermolecular forces = H-bonds; dipole-
    dipole; dispersion solute will
    Ions in water also have ion-dipole forces. dissolve.
    Factors Affecting Solubility
    Glucose
    (which has hydrogen bonding)
    is very soluble in
    water.
    Cyclohexane
    (which only has dispersion forces)

    is not water-
    soluble.
    Factors Affecting Solubility
    • Vitamin A is soluble in nonpolar compounds
    (like fats).
    • Vitamin C is soluble in water.
    Which vitamin is water
    soluble and which is fat
    soluble?

    HEALTH APPLICATION
    Gases in Solution
    • In general, the
    solubility of gases in
    water increases with
    increasing mass.
    Why?
    • Larger molecules
    have stronger
    dispersion forces.
    Gases in Solution
    • The solubility of
    Increasing liquids and solids
    pressure does not change
    above appreciably with
    solution pressure.
    forces
    more gas • But, the solubility of
    to a gas in a liquid is
    dissolve. directly proportional
    to its pressure.
    Henry’s Law
    States that:
    Henry’s Law
    Sg = kPg
    Where:
    • Sg is the solubility of the
    gas;
    • k is the Henry’s law
    constant for that gas in
    that solvent;
    • Pg is the partial pressure of
    the gas above the liquid.

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