Introduction To Stat and Prob

STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
An Introduction
Origin and Development
of Statistics
Etymology
 Derived from Latin statisticum
collegium (“council of state”)
 Italian word statista , meaning
“political state” or “government”
 Statistics is said to have developed
from government records.
 In Middle Ages, taxes, military
service, and custom duties were
also recorded.
 In the beginning of 16th century, a
large number of statistical books
were published.
EGYPT
 Used in the form of recording the

number of sheep or cattle owned,
the amount of grain produced, list
of all the heads of the families and
the number of people living in a
particular city.
BABYLON
 Babylonian government used
statistics to measure the number of
men under a king’s rule and the vast
territory he occupied.
 The more men under his command
and the more land he conquered, the
more powerful his kingdom would
become
ROME
 It is used by conducting
registration to record
population for the purpose of
collecting taxes.
Modern Times
Record and predict
 Birth and death rates
 Employment and inflation rates
 Sports achievement
 Assess opinions from polls
 Unlock secret code from games
 Other economic and social trends
Great
contributors to
Statistics
John Graunt
 English tradesman who
collected published records
called “bills of mortality”
that included information
about the numbers and
causes of deaths in the city
of London.
He analyzed more than 50 years of data and
created the first mortality table, a table that
shows how long a person may be expected to live
after reaching a certain age.
Abraham de
Moivre
 Discovered the equation of the

normal curve
Karl Friedrich Gauss
 German mathematician
who used statistical
methods in making
predictions about the
positions of the planets
in our solar system.
 Introduced the Gaussian
(normal) distribution
Adolphe Quetelet
 Belgian astronomer who

developed the idea of the
“average man” from his
studies of the Belgian
census.
 Introduced height-weight
measure or body mass
index
Karl Pearson
 Made important links to
probability and
statistics
 Correlation, chi-square
distribution
George Gallup
 He was instrumental in
making statistical
polling, a common tool
in political campaigns
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher
 Developed the F-tool in
inferential statistics which has
been very useful in testing
improvements from
agricultural, medical,
biological and industrial
experimentation.
 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Statistics in the Philippines
 During the Spanish regime, information on
the people, villages, settlements, tributes
collected, judicial cases settled and the
natural resources were obtained by the
governors-general upon instructions from
the King of Spain.
 In the middle of the 18th century, the priests
kept records of baptisms, marriages and
deaths, making possible some population
estimates.
 The first census was conducted in 1877.
Statistics in the Philippines
American Regime
 more systematized data collection system
 marked by the creation of a statistical unit
in the Bureau of Customs to collect,
tabulate, and disseminate statistics on
imports and exports
 First census under the American regime was
conducted in 1903
Uses of Statistics
 Business  Entertainment
 Education  Research and
 Psychology experimentation
 Politics and  Meteorology
Government  Demographics
 Medicine  Everyday Life
 Agriculture
S TATIS TI C S AND
P RO BA BI LITY
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
it is a tool in decision-making
process.
as a science, it involves the
methods of collection, organization,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data in order to
provide answers or solutions to an
inquiry.
Statistics enables us to
 characterize persons, objects,
situations, and phenomena
 explain relationships among variables
 formulate objective assessments and
comparisons; and more importantly,
 make evidence-based decisions and
predictions.
Fields of Statistics
 Descriptive Statistics – is concerned
with the methods of collecting,
organizing, and utilizing data to describe
and analyze a given group of data
without drawing any conclusions or
inferences about the group.
 Inferential Statistics – is concerned with
the analysis of a subset of data leading
to predictions or inferences about the
entire set of data or population.
Inferential or descriptive?
1) A teacher computes the average
grade of her students and then
determines the top ten students
of the class.
2) Is there a significant relationship
between mental age and
chronological age?
3) What is the level of performance
in Statistics of grade 11 learners?
Inferential or descriptive?
4) A researcher determines the

weekly allowance of high school
students.
5) A dermatologist tests the relative
effectiveness of a new brand of
medicine in curing pimples and
other skin diseases.
Activity: (5 groups)
 The leader of the group will ask each member
of the following:
Member #: Grade & Section:
Age: Gender:
Religion: Sibling rank:
Height: Weight:
Grade in Gen. Math:
Constant and variable
 Constants – fundamental quantities
that do not change in value
 Variables – quantities that may take
anyone of a specified set of values
- observable characteristics or
attributes of a group of objects,
individuals or events
Qualitative & Quantitative
 Qualitative variables – are nonmeasurable

characteristics that cannot assume a numerical
value but can be classified into two or more
category
Ex. Skin color, civil status
 Quantitative – can be counted, measured with
devices, or calculated mathematically
 Ex. Height, weight, temperature
Quantitative:
Discrete & Continuous variables
 Discrete variables – represented by

whole numbers
 Ex. Number of siblings, family size
 Continuous variables – are obtained by
measurements usually with units, which
could take fraction/decimal values
 Ex. Height, weight, BMI
Dependent and independent
 Independent variable - the
condition that you change in an
experiment
 Dependent variable - the
condition that you measure in an
experiment, in response to a
change in the independent
variable
Dependent and independent
Examples:
 In a study to determine whether how long a
student sleeps affects test scores.
independent variable : length of time spent sleeping
dependent variable: the test score
 You want to compare brands of paper towels, to
see which holds the most liquid.
independent variable: brand of paper towel
dependent variable: the amount of liquid absorbed
by a paper towel.
DATA AND
INFORMATION
What is Data?
 raw and unorganized fact that
required to be processed to
make it meaningful.
 comprises facts, observations,
perceptions numbers,
characters, symbols, image,
etc.
What is Information?
 is a set of data which is processed
in a meaningful way according to
the given requirement.
 it is processed, structured, or
presented in a given context to
make it meaningful and useful.
Data
 Sources
a) Primary – first-hand information
Ex. Direct interview
b) Secondary – taken from other’s
works
Ex. Data taken from books
Methods of Collecting Data
 Direct/interview method – person-to-person

interaction
 Indirect/questionnaire method – written responses
 Registration method – enforced by private
organizations or government agencies for
recording purposes
 Observation method – using all senses
 Experimentation – cause-and-effect of certain
phenomenon
Presentation of Data
 Textual Method – paragraph form
The highest score obtained is 50 and the lowest is

3. Ten students got a score of 40 and above, while
only 4 got 10 and below.
 Tabular Method
Table 1. Distribution of students in P High School

Year Level Number of Students
Grade 7 300
Grade 8 250
Grade 9 285
Grade 10 215
Total N = 1050
 Graphical Method
Scales/levels of measurement
 Nominal – classifies objects or people’s responses into
categories
 Ex. Gender, religion
 Ordinal- classifies objects or people’s responses
according to degree, level or order
 Ex. Sibling rank, customer’s level of satisfaction
 Interval – no absolute zero
 Zero only represents an additional measurement
point.
 Ex. Zero IQ does not mean no intelligence, temp.
 Ratio – it has a zero point or character of origin.
 Ex. Distance, mass, energy, height
Population and sample
Population (usu. Denoted by “N”)
 Finite or infinite collection of objects, events,
or individuals with specified class or
characteristics under consideration
Sample (n)
 Finite or limited collection of objects, events,
or individuals selected from the population and
is expected to posses the same characteristics
as the population
Population and sample
A researcher conducted a survey on
500 learners of Santa Barbara
National Comprehensive High School
Population:
Learners of SBNCHS
Sample:
500 Learners of SBNCHS
The End

Introduction To Stat and Prob

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Stat and Prob

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Stat and Prob

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STATISTICS AND

 Used in the form of recording the

 Discovered the equation of the

 Belgian astronomer who

4) A researcher determines the

 Qualitative variables – are nonmeasurable

 Discrete variables – represented by

 Direct/interview method – person-to-person

The highest score obtained is 50 and the lowest is

Table 1. Distribution of students in P High School

You might also like