Energy Conservation

Power = √3 V I COSƟ
ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES

AT THERMAL POWER PLANT
Improving Power Factor:
For Example an alternator supplying a load of 100 KW with a

power factor of 0.9 lag If the power factor is raised to 0.96 lag
KVA = KW/COSØ = 100/0.9 = 111.11 KVA
KW @ 0.9 = 111.11 * 0.9 = 100 KW
KW @0.96 = 111.11 * 0.96 = 106.66 KW
KW @0.98 = 111.11 * 0.98 = 108.88 KW

For Example
A 10KW motor operating at 0.8 pf supplied with 400V
Power = √3 v I cosØ
current = kw/(√3 * v *cosØ)
I @ 0.8pf = 10/(1.732 * 400 * 0.8) = 18.04 A

I @ 0.9pf = 10/(1.732 * 400 * 0.9) = 16.03 A
I @ 0.98pf = 10/(1.732 * 400 * 0.98) = 14.72 A
Power factor improvement equipment
1. Static capacitors
2. Synchronous condenser
3. Phase advancers
Static capacitors :
The power factor can be improved by
connecting capacitors in parallel with the
equipment operating at lagging power
factor. The capacitor (generally known as
static capacitor) draws a leading current
and partly or completely neutralizes the
lagging reactive component of load current.
This raises the power factor of the load. For
three-phase loads, the capacitors can be
connected in delta or star
Advantages:
1. They have low losses
2. They require little maintenance as there are no rotating parts
3. They can be easily installed as they are light and require no foundation
4. They can work under ordinary atmospheric conditions
Disadvantages:
1. They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years
2. They are easily damaged if the voltage exceeds the rated value
3. Once the capacitors are damaged, their repair is uneconomical
2. Operating Equipments with
Efficiency
For example what is the
power required to drive
the pump with following
details
Power required to drive the
pump=((213*1000)/3600)*1584*9.81kg/sec*m*m/sec²
= 919289.6064kg/sec²*m*m/sec
= 919289.6064N*M/Sec
= 919289.6064Joule/sec
= 919289.6064 Watt @ 919.289 KW
But supplier provided with power rating of 1052 kw in the sense
efficiency of the pump Is =919.289/1052*100 i.e. 87.38%
Motor provided with rating of 1250 KW considering efficiency and safety
factor into Consideration i.e. 1.25% of power required to drive the pump(15%
to pump rated power Stated by manufacture)
2.1 soft starters:
When starting, AC Induction motor develops more torque than is required at full speed. This
stress is transferred to the mechanical transmission system resulting in excessive wear and
premature failure of chains, belts, gears, mechanical seals, etc.
Additionally, rapid acceleration also has a massive impact on electricity supply charges with high
inrushcurrents drawing +600% of the normal run current.
The use of Star Delta only provides a partial solution to the problem. Should the motor slow
down duringthe transition period, the high peaks can be repeated and can even exceed direct on
line current.
Soft starter provides a reliable and economical solution to these problems
by delivering a controlled release of power to the motor, thereby providing
smooth, steeples acceleration and deceleration.
Motor life will be extended as damage to windings and bearings is reduced.

Soft Start & Soft Stop is built into 3 phase units, providing controlled starting
and stopping with a selection of ramp times and current limit settings to suit
all applications
Advantages of Soft Starter:
1. Less mechanical stress

2. Improved power factor.
3. Lower maximum demand.
4. Less mechanical maintenance
5. Reduction in current surge
6. Reduction in voltage fluctuations
7. Significant amount of space is
saved ascompared to conventional
one
2.2 variable frequency drives :
1.A VFD can be used to control both the speed and torque of a standard
induction AC electric motor.
2.It varies both the frequency and amps of the AC waveform being delivered
to the motor saving money in electricity.
Basic components of a VFD:
Input section, draws AC electric power from the utility,
Rectifier section, converts the AC into DC power.
Inverter section, converts DC back into a controllable
AC waveform.
2.3 : Replacing burnt motors with :
1. IE2-High Efficiency (Comparable to EFF1)

2. IE3 – Premium Efficiency
What is IE?
IE is “International Efficiency” with class 1, 2 & 3 i.e. IE1& IE2 & IE3.
The new standard IEC 60034-30: 2008 & IS12615:2011defines these
classes. At the same time, with the IEC 60034-2-1:2007 standard, a

new procedure for the determination of efficiency has been Intro
-duced which also contributes to international harmonization. This
standard is made to unify motor testing procedure, determination
of efficiency and product labeling requirements. This is to enable
motor user worldwide to easily identify premium efficiency
products.
Need of Improved Efficiency :
Over 70% of all electrical energy consumed in industries

is used by the motors, hence improving the efficiency of
electric motors can save energy as well as operating cost,
which is more than its purchase cost
The efficiencies required by the new standards can only be

achieved by the increased use of active and higher quality
of materials and more complexity production technique etc.
Hence purchase price of motor will increase accordingly given
efficiency ,an IE2 motor will need to have more active

material as compared to EFF1 motor to compensate for the
increase in measured losses

Cost effectiveness:
Saving concluded as follows:

kW =Output of motor
IE1=Efficiency of IE1 motors
IE2=Efficiency of IE2 motors
PD=Price Difference between two efficiencies
X = kW/IE1-kW/IE2
Saving = (X x Working hrs x Working days x Tariff x100)
Payback Period = (PD/Saving) x 12 months
3. Energy Efficient Lighting Controls:
3.1 Occupancy Sensors:
Occupancy-linked control can be achieved using infra-red, acoustic,
ultrasonic or microwave sensors, which detect either movement or

noise in room spaces. These sensors switch lighting on when
occupancy is detected, and off again after a set time period, when no
occupancy movement detected. They are designed to override
manual switches and to prevent a situation where lighting is left on in
unoccupied spaces. With this type of system it is important to
incorporate a built-in time delay, since occupants often remain still or
quiet for short periods and do not appreciate being plunged into
darkness if not constantly moving around.
3.2 Timed Based Control

Timed-turnoff switches are the least expensive type of automatic lighting
control. In some cases, their low cost and ease of installation makes it
desirable to use them where more efficient controls would be too expensive
3.3Daylight Linked Control:
BY using an internally mounted photoelectric dimming control
system, it is possible to ensure that sum of daylight and electric lighting always
Reaches the design level by sensing the total light in the controlled area and
adjusting the out put of the electric lighting accordingly. If day light alone is
able to meet the design requirements then the electric lighting can be turned
off .
The energy saving potential of dimming control is greater than a

simple photoelectric switching system
3.4 Localized Switching:
Localized switching should be used in applications which contain
large spaces. Local switches give individual occupants control over their visual
environment and also facilitate energy savings. By using localized switching it
is possible to turn off artificial lighting in specific areas, while still operating it
in other areas where it is required, a situation which is impossible if the
lighting for an entire space is controlled from a single switch.
3.4Employing Day Light Pipe system
A pipe that
conducts
ambient
sunlight to
Silver metal oxide coated pipe desired
location in
the building
interiors
1.Light Collector: 2.Reflective System:

High impact strength, UV The specialty reflective
stable, light collector collects system (silver metal oxide
sunlight from all directions and coated pipe inside)delivers
delivers high luminance with
light effectively through out the minimal light loss, without
day even at low sun angles. color shift even on cloudy
days.
3.Light Diffuser:

The intensified sunlight in Light Pipe™ is controlled and distributed into
indoor spaces by light diffuser.

Application guide lines:
External light 1lakh Area lit up

Size (approx.) Max. length
to 1.1 lakh lux
250mm (10") 450 lux 150 Sft 6 Metres
400mm (16") 1500 lux 250 Sft 8 Metres
530 mm (21") 3000 lux 450 Sft 12 Metres
750 mm (30") 5000 lux 900 Sft Short Length
Approx. out of 100 Watt bulb - 170 lux

Approx. out of 40 Watt fluorescent tube - 335 lux
(The actual amount of light produced by light pipe is variable depending on weather
conitions, time of day, length of pipes and ambient conditions)
Electrical Lighting Light Pipe™ - Daylight System
Features:
1.Provides bright natural day light to the interiors Works efficiently even on rainy
days
2.Negligible heat transfer
3.Zero UV radiation
4.Can reach darker interiors by bending the pipe
5.Long life (Min. of 20 years)

Energy Conservation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Conservation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Conservation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power = √3 V I COSƟ

ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES

For Example an alternator supplying a load of 100 KW with a

KVA = KW/COSØ = 100/0.9 = 111.11 KVA

KW @ 0.9 = 111.11 * 0.9 = 100 KW

KW @0.96 = 111.11 * 0.96 = 106.66 KW

KW @0.98 = 111.11 * 0.98 = 108.88 KW

I @ 0.8pf = 10/(1.732 * 400 * 0.8) = 18.04 A

Power factor improvement equipment

Motor life will be extended as damage to windings and bearings is reduced.

1. Less mechanical stress

1. IE2-High Efficiency (Comparable to EFF1)

The new standard IEC 60034-30: 2008 & IS12615:2011defines these

classes. At the same time, with the IEC 60034-2-1:2007 standard, a

Over 70% of all electrical energy consumed in industries

The efficiencies required by the new standards can only be

efficiency ,an IE2 motor will need to have more active

increase in measured losses

Saving concluded as follows:

3.1 Occupancy Sensors:

Occupancy-linked control can be achieved using infra-red, acoustic,

ultrasonic or microwave sensors, which detect either movement or

3.2 Timed Based Control

The energy saving potential of dimming control is greater than a

External light 1lakh Area lit up

250mm (10") 450 lux 150 Sft 6 Metres

400mm (16") 1500 lux 250 Sft 8 Metres

530 mm (21") 3000 lux 450 Sft 12 Metres

750 mm (30") 5000 lux 900 Sft Short Length

Approx. out of 100 Watt bulb - 170 lux

You might also like