Social History

Dalisay, Robert Angelo Y.

Magsino, Shenna Rose
Key Concepts
Minority Group. A group of people singled out from
societal because of their physical, social, or cultural
characteristocs and who experience differential and
unequal treatment than the majority.

Marginalization. The act of treating someone or a

group of people as if they are not importnat which
suppresses them to powerlessness.

Indigenous. Unique cultures and ways of relating to

people and environment
Key Concepts
Ethnography. The systematic study of individual
cultures.

Social. Relating to society or its organization.

History. The study of past events, particularly in

human affairs.

Social History. Often called the new social history, is a

field of history that looks at the lived experience of the
past.
 Political developments from

Pre-16th century barangay

Spanish Pueblos
U.S. Colony
Japan's Puppet Republic (JPL)
Third Republic Admisntration
 Social History
Social history is
essentially an expansion
of the historian's concern
beyond the activities of
social and political elites.
 Social History
It aims to describe the
experience of various social
groups (focused being women &
ethnic group); and fragmented
into historical demography, labor
history, and urban and rural
history, among others.
Always Remember
If you don't know history, then you don't know
anything.
Michael Crichton
women's history
 Spanish
Colonization
• abandonment of the pueblo
to go back to their old ways
of life.
• babaylan - someone who has
the ability to mediate with the
spirit world, has her own spirit
guides, and is given gifts of
healing, foretelling, and insight.
She may also have knowledge
of healing therapies such as
hilot, arbularyo.
• She is a ritualist, a chanter,
diviner. She has the gift of
traveling to the spirit world or
non-ordinary states of reality in
order to mediate with the
spirits.
• Babaylans are called by other
names in the other languages
of Philippine indigenous
communities: Mombaki,
Dawac, Balyan or Balian,
Katalonan, Ma-Aram,
Mangngallag, Mumbaki,
Mambunong.
• A critical example of a babaylan-led revolt
was the Tamblot uprising in 1622.

• Tamblot was a babaylan despite being

known as a male.
TWO POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS

• Zeus Salazar believed that men could be a

babaylan if they looked like women.
• Some historians contend that Tamblot was not
a babylan per se, but was a descendant one.
 Women's conduct was strictly
policed in colonial society. However,
despite the inculcations of what it
menat to be a good and ideal
woman, Filipino women still resisted
colonization.
Silang revolt was continued
by Gabriela Silang after her
husband's assassination.
20 young women of Malolos
wrote a petition to
Governor-General Valeriano
Weyler for permission to
take up Spanish languages
lessons under Teodoro
 Rizal emphasized the
importance of mothers in
raising sons who would fight
for the country.
 When the Katipunan was formed
and the Revolution started, women
took up integral roles in the
struggles. The Katipunan, despite
being a predominantly male
organization, accepted women
members and established a
women's chapter.
Josefa Rizal- President of Women's
Chapter
Gregoria De Jesus- her life was put
in danger many times in fulfilling her
task
Marina Dizon- took charge of the
initiation rites of women applicants in
Melchora Aquino- a rich old widow
provided food and medicine to the
exhausted and embattled
katipuneros.
Teresa Magbanua led revolutionary
armies in Capiz
Trinidad Tecson founded the
Agueda Kahabagan recognized as a
woman general of the republic
Katipuneras:
Marcela Marcelo Selang Bagsik
Valeriana Elises
Gregoria Montoya
• Lesser known contributions by women for the
revolution and the subsequent Philippine-
American War were on literature and poetry.
• Women poets published nationalistic pieces in
revolutionary newspapers like El Heraldo. A
poem entitled Hibik Namin was collectively
written by Victoria Lactaw, Feliza Kahatol,
Patricia Himagsik, Dolores Katindig, Felipa
Kapuloan, and Victoria Maisig.
Hibik Namin Ang pagsasarili’y
ating ipaglaban
hanggang may isa Dahil sa ating
pang sa ati’y may buhay Santong Katowiran
Halina at tayo’y
At dito’y wala na
Manandatang lahat ay atin ang lubos
silang pagharian
itanghal ang dangal na pagtatagumpay.
kung hindi ang
nitong Filipinas. Ang awa nang langit
ating manga dugo’t bangkay.
Sa alinmang nacion ay pagkaasahang
at huag ipayag tutulong sa ating
Masakop man tayo
na mapagharian ng kanilang Yankis nang pakikilaban.
tayong manga anak. ay mamatay rin sa mga pasakit
Mahalaga.y mamatay
Rose Sevilla Alvero- published an
essay in the revolution's paper
LA INDEPENDENCIA
Lo Que Debe Ser Mujer en la
Sociedad (What a Woman Must be
in Society).
Juana Castro- wrote another article
titled Rehabilitacion de la Mujer
(Rehabilitation of the Woman)
which argued women should be
allowed to venture into other
professions outside of teaching and
care, such as laws ng medicine.
As the former colony was introduced
to democracy, women fought for their
right to vote and political equality as
early as 1907
Included Constacia Poblete,
Concepcion Felix Rodriguez,
Rosario Lam, Nieves Hidalgo, Rosa
Sevilla Alvero, Paz Policarpio
Mendez, and Encarnacion Alzona.

They came from the different fields and professions.

Suffragists went to public hearings to
argue their case. These hearings
were manifestations of their
eloquence as advocates of equality.
One of the most arguments by anti-
suffrage politicians was that women
did not like to vote; hence, it would
be wrong to force them into this duty.
The advocates retorted that "the
proof of the pudding is in the eating"
as such a claim did not have any
concrete basis.
1933,women's suffrage was finally
approved into law, during
Commonwealth Constitutional
Convention of 1934, this law would be
effectively repealed through the
provision, which stated that women
would not only be allowed to vite if
they expressed their desire to do so in
In the next decades of the century,
Filipino women would further
advance the feminist movement.

The next generation of feminists in

the Philippines wouuld be more
inclusive, both in membership and
MAKIBAKA (Malayang Kilusan ng
Bagong Kababaihan) believe that
women should also be concerned
with social and economic equality.
One interesting event that embodied
this brand of feminism was their
protest against the annual Binibing
Pilipinas. They condemned this kind
of spectacle as an act of
objectification of the woman's bo[dy.
In 1980s, the women's movements
also started tackling the unique
experiences of women in the third
world, which included issues related
to national identity, gender identity,
peace, and children's right .
Kilusang Kababaihang Pilipina
(PILIPINA) and Katipunan ng
Kalayaan para sa Kababaihan
(KALAYAAN) emerged.
Chinese in the Philippines

There are more mentions of Chinese in the

Blair and Robertson collection than the
Moros, which reflect how extensive the
Chinese have been part of our country's
history.
Chinese in the Philippines

• By Chinese, we refer to those who

migrated to the Philippine islands from
the age of trade in the ninth century to
the period of colonization until the late
nineteenth century;
Chinese in the Philippines

• They may or may not have married into

the Filipino families, but in general,
they identify themselves as and are
legally Filipinos.
Chinese in the Philippines

• The Chinese have long settled in the

Philippine islands that they have
become a distinct group of people with
the set economic and socio-cultural
characteristic; TSINOY
(TSINO+PINOY).
• Robert Fox's Archeological
Record of Chinese Influences
establishes the trade between
China and the Philippines.
• The Chinese who married into
native population would be
classified later on by the
Spaniards as Chinese Mestizo
• As Tomas de Comyn in 1810 noted, the
Chinese mestizo was "an industrious
caste....master od most of the wealth....
with intelligence and energy to increase
their funds...they are found in was no
denying that "this indusctrious and
knowledgeable people will be able... to
draw itself a mass of money of very great
• Upon visiting the Philippines around the
1840s, medical doctor and traveller Jean
Mallat noted that the Chinese mestizo
went on the other coastal communities of
the Philippines toe xoand their commerce.
• Leyte and Samar- cacao, coconut, oil
tobacco;
• Caraga and Panay- tobacco, sea slugs,
and mother-of-pearl
• Negros- cacao, rice, pearl, fish, wax, and
other products.
Jose Montero did not mince words when he
described the mestizos as the "major enemy
of Spain," and theat mestizos were
"conceited, petty, crafty, and as citizens,
discontented.
US came into the picture in 1898 purchasing
the entirely of the Philippine Islands and
bringing in U.S. colonial policies to the county.

The US claimed that the CEA brought about

more a pro-Filipino economy.
• During the Japanese occupation,
several Chinese guerilla groups fought
the Japanese, with Luis Taruc
regarding them with high esteem.
• They have organized the Federation of Filipino
Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry. The
ethnic Chinese are suspected to be disloyal to the
Philippines and more loyal to Communist China;
they also suffer as scapegoats in local political
problems, as a product of generalizations and bias.
• The ethnic Chinese, while a minority group in
the Philippines, have become self-sufficient
and actively participated in civic activities.
 INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES AND
ETHNIC MINORITES
The plight of Philippine indigenous peoples
(IP) has come to light in the late twentieth
century with the heightening of the concepts
of human rights and inclusivity.

IPs are those with "distinct characteristics

such as their ancestrals lands," Current IP
struggles are deeply rooted in history.
When the Spaniards arrived in coastal and
plain areas, they left groups who chos e to
avoid Spanish rule for the mountains. The
Spanish used several descriptors to refer to
the peoples of the Philippines.
Francisco Colin noted that the "Negrillos, Zambals,
and other nations" were uncivilized," yet had more
languages as "almost every river has its own
language.
He noted that the multiplicity of languages caused
their "lack of civilization and communication,' and
that these groups had nothing written about their
religion, government, or history, except for their
tradition preserved in customs, and "songgs that
they retain in ther memory.
• For the Spaniards, these ethnic groups were
not worthy of seeking out to convert to
Christianity and resettling through reduccion.

• As the Philippines was passed on the United

States, who had a particular interest in the
mountainous areas where these ethnic groups
were classified as "Non-Christian tribes" (NCT)
• 1918, population census, NCTs totaled around
500,000 of 10.5 million inhabitants in the
Philippines.

• The largest of the NCTs were the Moros of

Sulu and Mindanao, then those in the
Mountain Province and Nueva Vizcaya in
Luzon.
• The Americans believed that the "little brown"
Filipinos needed them to advance in civilization
and political, socio-cultural development.

• Dean Worcester was one prominent zooligist

who took and published unflattering
photographs of IPs to illustrate how the
Filipinos, especially the NCTs, needed the U.S
guidance.
• In 1905, United States passed a Mining Act
that authorized U.S. citizens to mine public
lands. They aimed to develop and advance the
NCTs in "civilization," and created the Bureau
of Non-Christian Tribes through the Jones Law,
Section 22 in 1917.
• The establishment of the Commission on the
National Integration (CNI) in 1957 or Republic
Act No. 1888 was a turning point as the
Philippine government itself crafted this
program of integration.
 • REPUBLIC ACT No. 1888
An Act to Effectuate in a More Rapid and
Complete Manner the Economic, Social, Moral and
Political and Advancement of the Non-Christian
Filipinos or National Cultural Minorities and to
Render Real, Complete and Permanent the
Integration of All Said National Cultural Minorities
into the Body Politic, Creating the Commission on
National Integration Charged with Said Functions
 • REPUBLIC ACT No. 1888

Section 1. It is hereby declared to be the policy of Congress to

foster, accelerate and accomplish by all adequate means and in a
systematic, rapid and complete manner the moral, material,
economic, social and political advancement of the Non-Christian
Filipinos, hereinafter called National Cultural Minorities, and to
render real, complete and permanent the integration of all the
said National Cultural Minorities into the body politic.
 • REPUBLIC ACT No. 1888

Section 4. The Commission shall have the following powers,

functions, and duties:
(a) To engage in industrial and agricultural enterprises and establish processing plants
and cottage industries to lead communities of the National Cultural Minorities in
engaging in such pursuits and, upon the attainment of this objective, to sell such
enterprises or industries to them at cost.

(b) To construct, operate and maintain irrigation systems and dams, power structures or
generating plants, electric transmission and distribution lines or systems for the
furnishing of electric light, heat and power to the inhabitants in the areas not receiving
the service of such plants or systems.
 • REPUBLIC ACT No. 1888

Section 4. The Commission shall have the following powers,

functions, and duties:
(c) To cooperate with Government agricultural experiment stations or demonstration
farms and agricultural supervisors in assisting farmers to acquire knowledge of modern
farming or better methods of cultivation of farms.

(d) To effectuate the settlement of all landless members of the National Cultural
Minorities by procuring homesteads for them or by resettling them in resettlement
projects of the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration.
The CNI 1957 was a program of modernization as
can be read from the integral section of the Act.
The way to integrate the national minorities was to
modernize their lifestyle and "develop" their
civilization through infrastructure so they can be on
the same level as the cultural majority, that is,
everyone else in the Philippines.
• rapid and complete
• economic, social, moral and political
advancement
• real complete and permanent
 Lesson Summary

• Social history aims to narrate the

experiences of minority groups that
were seen as "outsiders" by
mainstream society.
 Lesson Summary

• Filipino women were active and

significant players in every struggle
faced by the nation at various points in
time.
 Lesson Summary
• The ethnic Chinese who married into Filipino families
became the Chinese mestizo or today's Tsinoy

• The indigenous communities of the Philippines have

continued to struggle to keep their cultural identity
and ancestral domain from colonial policies to
 Lesson Summary

• The social history of minority groups in the

Philippines should highlight their historical
experiences that the mainstream has left out, so that
we can recognize and empathize with minority
groups and advocate for their rights.
Thank You !
God bless you