Our lady of Fatima university

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Math and Physics Department
Pampanga Campus

SASA211

Finding the Center

ENGR IMELDA E RAGMAC
 MEASURE OF UNGROUPED AND USE EXCEL IN
CENTRAL TENDENCY GROUPED DATA FINDING THE CENTER
MEAN
MEDIAN
MODE

Learning Outline
 WEEK 7: Unit expected
outcomes;
1. Perform efficiently and honestly the
computations of measures of central tendency.
2. Analyze and interpret data confidently,
accurately, and independently using central
tendencies.
3. Use excel to find the center of the data set
 Measures of Central
Tendency
Finding the average grade of
students, the average daily sales of
a department store or restaurants,
or the average salary per month of
employees in an organization are
common procedures that we do
occasionally. Without us knowing it,
we have been doing statistical tasks
and procedures at different times.
Average is a term which can be
associated with central tendency
or central location.
 In this unit, you will find out how to calculate statistical
quantities which summaries the important characteristics of data.
Definition of Terms for
Mean, Median and
Mode
BASIC STATISTICS
Measures of Central Tendency
Also known as arithmetic mean
or also known as the average.
It is generally considered the best
measure of central tendency and
the most frequently used one.
However, there are some
situations where the other
measures of central tendency are
preferred
It is the midpoint of an array of numbers or
observations. Arranged them from lowest to
highest and find the midpoints. It is sometimes
called as a measure of location as it tells us
where the data are.
It is the value which occupies the middle
position when all observations are arranged in
ascending to descending order. It divides the
frequency distribution exactly into two halves.
Fifty percent of the observations in a
distribution have scores at or below the
median.
 It is the observation that appears the
most number of times in a distribution.
 It is defined as the value that occurs most
frequently in the data. Some data sets do
not have a mode because each value
occurs only once. On the other hand,
some data sets can have more than one
mode. This happens when the data set
has two or more values of equal
frequency which is greater than that of
any other value.
 Graph 1: Relative Position of the Various Measures of Central
Tendency

All three measures are identical in a normal distribution. As mean is always pulled toward the extreme
observations, the mean is shifted to the tail in a skewed distribution. Mode is the most frequently occurring score
and hence it lies in the hump of the skewed distribution. Median lies in between the mean and the mode in a skewed
distribution.
Ungrouped Data
Measures of Central Tendency for
ungrouped data deals with
the data you first gather from an
experiment or study. The data is raw,
it's not sorted into categories,
classified, or otherwise grouped.
An ungrouped set of data is basically
a list of numbers.
 Example:
Ungrouped Data

Formula
 RECITATION
I. Find the mean of the following data:
(a) 24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 25, 32, 39, 44, 40
(b) Given then table below:
 Ungrouped Data
Step 1: Arrange the data
from highest to lowest, then
locate the middle number.

Example 1: with only one middle number

Example 2: with only more than one
middle number Step 2: Add the
two middle
number then
divide it by two.

Step 1: Arrange
the data from
highest to
lowest, then
locate the
middle number.
 RECITATION
II. Find the median in the following data:
(a)24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 25, 33, 39, 44, 40
(b)24, 32, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 32, 39, 42, 40, 35
(c)Given the table below:
 Example 1: with only one mode
Ungrouped Data

Note: If there are more than one mode, choose the mode
with higher frequency.
 RECITATION
III. Find the mode in the following data:
(a) 24, 33, 18, 40, 29, 33, 19, 25, 33, 39, 44, 40
(b) 24, 32, 18, 40, 29, 37, 19, 29, 32, 39, 42, 40, 35
(c) Given the table below:
Grouped Data
Measures of Central Tendency for
Grouped data is data that has been
bundled together in categories. Histograms
and frequency tables can be used to show
this type of data.

The mean and median can be estimated

from tables of grouped data. The class
interval which contains the most values is
known as the modal class.
Symbol Definition
𝑥ҧ The sample mean
X The class mark
F The frequency of a class
fx Frequency times the class mark
෍ 𝑓𝑥 Summation of x

N Total frequency
σ 𝒇𝒙 Formula for Mean of Grouped Data
𝒙ഥ=
𝑵
 Daily Rentals Beginning 06/07/2020 Example:
Stated Class Limits Frequency (f) Class Mark or Fx
(𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 ) midpoint (x)
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 Paula needs to estimate
𝒙= this year’s tape rentals
𝟐
50-59 2 54.5 109 for a bank loan
60-69 3 64.5 193.5 application. She will
70-79 5 74.5 372.5 use tape rentals
80-89 3 84.5 253.5 summarized table with
90-99 2 94.5 189
a frequency
Total N = 15 ෍ 𝑓𝑥 = 1,117.5 distribution to estimate
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 average daily rentals
MEAN 𝒙ഥ= = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
𝟏𝟓 for the year.
Formula for Median of Grouped Data and its Important Symbols

Symbol Definition
L Lower real limit of the median’s class
< 𝐶𝐹𝐵 Cumulative frequency before the median’s frequency
I Class interval (width)
𝑵 is the total number of data, it is used to determined the
𝟐 middle frequency
𝑵
− 𝑪𝑭𝒃 Formula for Median of Grouped Data
𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳 + ቈ
𝟐
቉ (𝒊)
𝒇
 Steps in solving the median of grouped data:
Refer to the data below and 1. To determine the median class, calculate
follow the steps. the value of .
Daily Rentals Beginning 06/07/2020 2. From the given data, the value of =
Stated Class Frequency (f) <Cumulative
3. Next, look for the <CF that is nearest to,
Limits Frequency (𝑪𝑭)
(𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐 ) but not less than 7.5
50-59 2 2 4. The median class, therefore, is the class
60-69 3 5 interval 70-79. The median is expected to be
70-79 5 10 found in this interval.
80-89 3 13
90-99 2 15
5. The value of L = 69.5 ( the lower class
Total N = 15 boundary of the median class).
Middle 𝑵 𝟏𝟓
= = 𝟕. 𝟓 6. The value of <CFB = 5 (cumulative
Frequency 𝟐 𝟐
𝑵
frequency before the median’s frequency)
− <𝐶𝐹𝒃 𝟕.𝟓 − 𝟓
Median 𝑴𝒅 = 𝑳 + ቈ
𝟐
𝒇
቉ ሺ𝒊ሻ = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟓 + ቂ 𝟓 ቃሺ𝟏𝟎ሻ = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟓 and the class width or interval is i = 5.
7. The frequency of the median class is f = 5.
Formula for Mode of Grouped Data and its Important Symbols
Symbol Definition
𝑀0 Modal class or the class interval with the highest frequency
𝐿𝑀0 Lower class boundary of the modal class
∆1 Difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency
above it
∆2 Difference between the frequency of the modal class and the frequency
below it
𝑖 Class size
∆ Delta/ change or difference
∆1
𝑴𝟎 = 𝐿𝑀0 + ൤ ൨(𝒊)
∆1 + ∆2

Formula for Mode of Grouped Data

 For the distribution in the data above, the
Refer to the data below and modal class interval is 70-79 (highest
follow the steps. frequency) hence,
Daily Rentals Beginning 06/07/2020
Stated Class Frequency (f) = 69. 5 (Lower class boundary of the
Limits modal class)
(𝒙𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙𝟐) ∆1 = 5 – 3 = 2 (Difference between the
50-59 2 frequency of the modal class and the
60-69 3 frequency above it)
70-79 5 ∆2 = 5 – 3 = 2 (Difference between the
80-89 3 frequency of the modal class and the
frequency below it)
90-99 2
i = 10 (Class Size)
Total N = 15
∆1 2
Mode 𝑴𝟎 = 𝐿𝑀0 + ൤ ൨ሺ𝒊ሻ = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟓 + ൤ ൨ሺ𝟏𝟎ሻ = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟓
∆1 + ∆2 2+ 2
 If you want to watch additional videos for more information
please see the link below!

Measures of Central Tendency

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn83BA7cRNM&t=345s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1HEzNTGeZ4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrGYheq0whk&t=9s
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