UNIT DESCRIPTOR : This unit covers

the knowledge, skills and attitudes

required to perform nursery operations
for agricultural crops including
establishing nursery shed, preparation
and handling of planting materials,
preparation of growing media,
transplanting germinated seedlings
and handling of nursery tools and
equipment
1.1 Digging tools:
1. Bolo - used for cutting weeds and small
branchesof trees, digging small holes, and
pulverizing soil.
2. Crowbar - Used for digging holes.
- Used fordigging up big stones and
trees stump

3.Pick mattock - Used for digging soil, for digging

canal,for removing trees stump.
4. Spade - Used for digging canals and ditches, for
mixing growing media.

5. Spade - Used for digging and transfering soil, for

mixing components of growing media.
6. Grub hoe - Used for breaking top soil and
pulverizing soil

7. Auger - Used for digging holes.

1.2. Propagation tools
1.3. Harvesting tools

Sickle Harvesting Knife

1.4. Measuring tools

Weighing scale
Common farm tools
Equipment
• These are machineries used in horticultural operations
especially in vegetable production. They are used in land
preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products.
These equipment need a highly skilled operator to use.
• Hand tractor is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing
a large area of land.
Four wheel tractor is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in preparing
much bigger area of land.
Water pumps are used to draw irrigation water from a
source.
Shredders
More recent additions to the gardening world are
shredders. Wonderful for disposing of waste and
creating mulch for the garden they will save you the
cost of buying mulch and disposing of waste.
Rototiller
Farm Tractor for plowing
Farm Implements
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or
mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in
the preparation of wide land. These are usually made of a special kind of
metal.
Plows. These are farm implements used in horticultural operations
either pulled by a working animal or a tractor. The plow is
specifically used for tilling large areas, making furrows and inters
row cultivation.
Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood
with a metal tooth and pulled by a carabao while the
disc harrow is a metal mounted to a tractor. Harrows
are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil.
Steps in PRE-OPERATIVE CHECK UP OF FARM
IMPLEMENTS / SIMPLE EQUIPMENT.

1. Get your ballpen and record book

2. See all external parts of farm implement
and equipment
3. Record parts that need to repair or change
4. Record parts that need for greasing
5. Record farm implement that needs for
replacement
6. Submit records to your trainer.
STEPS IN SEGREGATING TOOLS WITH
WEAR AND CONDITIONS
1. Carefully identity tools with rust,
wear and corrosions
2. Separate tools with wear and
corrosions into a strategic place
3. Identify the degree of damage
4. Record the kind and number of tools
with wear and corrosions
Tools with wear and corrosions will be treated by
the use of.
1. Sandpaper
2. Wet stone
3. Treating chemical
4. Grease
It is very important to clean tools after using to
avoid wear and corrosions. Be sure that before
storing these, all tools should be dried and
properly kept to strategic place. If possible clean
and dried tools be hanged to avoid wear and
corrosions and contamination.
Basic post-operative check up tools, implement/ equipments and
facilities
1. Begin by gathering all hand tools and removing dirt or rust
with a wire brush, steel wool or light sand paper. An old pros
tip is to keep galvanized tub with sand and waste oil to clean
tools by inserting the shovels, spades and forks into a mixture
and moving them up and down, they get a good scrubbing with
the abrasive sand as well as a coat of lubricant
2. For tools that need sharpening, do with file that is made
especially for this task. Remember to move the file in one
direction only and at 45 degree angle.
3. If necessary sand wooden handles with sand papers and follow
up with a coat of paste wax or linseed oil.
4. Spray metal parts with a good coat of lubricating oil. This will
discourage rust as your tools stored.
5. Store your tool up off the ground and a dry spot.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR INCLEMENT
WEATHER
1.Provide Building shading structures-
polypropylene plastic, net, screen, wooden slat,
plant leaves, etc --- as roofing/shading materials
2.Pruning and training - cutting of unnecessary
branches trellising or structures for training.
3. Wind Protection - Plants or structures
established around the farm to break the force of
the wind.
PLANTING MATERIALS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:
A. Seed - A ripened ovule which when shed from the parent
plant consist of an embryo and a stored food supply both of
which are enclosed in a seed coat or covering.

B. Vegetative Propagation

¡ Advantages
l Resulting plants are true to type
l Allows reproduction of plants that are difficult to
propagate
l Vegetatively-propagated horticultural crops are usually
smaller and bear fruits earlier
Conventional
1. Separation and Division- Use of specialized
and modified stems, roots and plantlets as
propagating material.
o Separation- Naturally detachable organs each
with root-shoot system
a. runner
b. slip
c. sucker (shoot or plantlet)- that grows from and is
clone of the mother plant (mat). The sucker must
be uprooted from an existing mat to reproduce the
d. crown

e. bulb
f. corm
g.
 Cuttage - Regeneration of structural parts in detached
vegetative portion of plants under favorable condition.
Each cutting contains:
- Meristematic tissues-formation of roots and shoots
- Enough stored assimilates to support G & D during
autotrophic stage.
¡ Types of cuttage
l Root cuttings
l Leaf cuttings
¡ species with thick and heavy leaves
l Stem cuttings
¡ species capable of developing leaves at
basal portion (herbaceous to
hardwood).example of this is sweet
potato.
Cane Setts
Stem cuttings or sections of the stalks are
called "setts" or seed pieces. Each sett
contains one or more buds. Always use fresh,
genetically pure, pest and disease free setts
as seed material.
Settlings
Cane setts with roots and shoots are known as
settlings. Settlings can be raised either in
nursery beds or in polythene bags. Single node
settlings are used as a planting material in
 Bud Chips
Little portion of stem with one bud is known as
bud chip. Bud chips are used to raise settlings in
nursery.

.Layerage - Rooting while still attached

to parent material supplies nutrients and
water
¡ Methods of layering
l Simple layering
¡ branch or long shoot near plant base is bent towards the ground
¡ Stem portion where roots are expected to developed are covered
(ground)
l Compound, multiple or serpentine layering
¡ same procedure as simple layering except that the branch is
alternatively covered and exposed along the length
l Mound or stool layering
¡ cutting a plant back to the ground level at start of rainy season.
¡ Mounding soil or other media around the base of developing
shoots is done to encourage rooting
l Marcotting or air-layering
¡ rooting of selected shoot or branch by wrapping a portion of stem
with rooting media
 Graftage- Two plants parts are joined
and continue growth as one plant
- Contact between cambial regions of
scion and stock.
- Scion-wood or budstick taken from
plant exhibiting the desired
characteristics.
- Rootstock selection based on desired
rooting ability, tolerance to stresses &
Mechanism of Graftage
o Joining stock & scion
o Fitting together the components for
maximum contact between cambial
layers
o Form new layers of xylem & phloem
vessels from meristems
o Permanent union and create
continuum
Conditions
o Favorable environmental factors
o There is a union of cambial layers
o Rootstock be alive until union is
complete
o Compatibility between scion & stock
Characteristics/attributes of quality seed;
1. It must be genetically pure:
Breeder/nucleus: 100 %
Foundation seeds: 99.5%
Certified seeds varieties: 98%
Certified hybrid seeds:95%
Certified hybrid cotton: 90%
Certified hybrid castor: 85%
2. It should have required level of physical purity:
All crops: 98%
Carrot: 95%
Ragi: 97%
1. Free form other crop seeds
2. Free from objectionable
weed seeds
3. Free from designated
diseases
4. High germination and vigour
5. Optimum  moisture content
Benefits of using quality seeds
1. They are genetically pure (true to type).
2. The good quality seed has high return per unit
area as the genetic potentiality of the crop can be
fully exploited.
3. Less infestation of land with weed seed/other
crop seeds.
4. Less disease and insect problem.
5. Minimization of seed/seedling rate i.e., fast and
uniform emergence of seedling.
6. They are vigorous, free from pests and disease.
7. They can be adopted themselves for extreme
climatic condition and cropping system of the
8. The quality seed respond well to the applied
fertilizers and nutrients.
9. Uniform in plant population and maturity.
10. Crop raised with quality seed are aesthetically
pleasing.
11. Good seed prolongs life of a variety.
12. Yield prediction is very easy.
13. Handling in post-harvest operation will be
easy.
14. Preparations of finished products are also
better.
15. High produce value and their marketability.
SECURING SEEDS
There are two ways of securing the
seeds to plant:

1. You can buy seeds from seed stores

in your town or order from reliable
seed sources.
2. You can also produce your own
seeds to plan
t.
Factors to Consider in
Securing your Seeds to
Plant
· Varieties should be adopted
to your locality
· Quality of the product
Advantages of Producing your
own Seeds
· You shall have an ever ready
supply of seeds for your farm.
· Higher percentage of germination
is assured.
· Improvement of quality and
quantity of the produce is possible.
Disadvantages of Producing your
Seeds
· Seed growing is an exacting work.
· It competes with the normal work in
the nursery management.
· It calls for knowledge of the principles
of plant breeding.
· It calls for keen observation.
TESTING FOR SEED GERMINATION
1. Seed box method- 50-100 seeds are sown thinly in the seed box
containing sterilized soil. After sowing, the seed box is watered thoroughly.
Three to seven days after, the seeds that germinated are counted and the
percentage germination is calculated using the formula:

number of seed germinated

Percentage (%) germination=-------------------------------------X 100
Number of seed sown
For example, 100 seeds are sown, 50 seeds
germinated. The percentage the percentage
germination will be:

50
% germination=-------- X100
100

= 50%
2. Plate method- the seeds are
allowed to germinate inn a plate
or petri dish lined with moistened
tissue paper or napkin.
3. Ragdoll or rolled towel method-
seeds are induced to germinate by putting on
a moist towel or rag. The towel or rag is then
folded or rolled
.
TREATED PLANTING MATERIALS

1. The first principle (prevention) includes disease

management tactics applied before infection (i.e.,
the plant is protected from disease), the second
principle (therapy or curative action) functions
with any measure applied after the plant is
infected (i.e., the plant is treated for the disease).
An example of the first principle is enforcement of
quarantines to prevent introduction of a disease
agent (pathogen) into a region where it does not
occur.
2. The second principle is illustrated
by heat or chemical treatment of
vegetative material such as bulbs,
corms, and woody cuttings to
eliminate fungi, bacteria, nematodes
or viruses that are established within
the plant material.
Chemotherapy is the application of
chemicals to an infected or diseased plant
that stops (i.e., eradicates) the infection.
There also are some “systemic” fungicides
such as the sterol biosynthesis inhibiting
(SBI) and demethylation inhibiting (DMI)
fungicides that diffuse into the plant
tissues to some extent and eliminate
recently established infections.
Chemotherapy is the application of
chemicals to an infected or diseased plant
that stops (i.e., eradicates) the infection.
There also are some “systemic” fungicides
such as the sterol biosynthesis inhibiting
(SBI) and demethylation inhibiting (DMI)
fungicides that diffuse into the plant
tissues to some extent and eliminate
recently established infections.
Chemotherapy is the application of
chemicals to an infected or diseased plant
that stops (i.e., eradicates) the infection.
There also are some “systemic” fungicides
such as the sterol biosynthesis inhibiting
(SBI) and demethylation inhibiting (DMI)
fungicides that diffuse into the plant
tissues to some extent and eliminate
recently established infections.
HEAT TREATMENT (with hot water
or hot air) - resulting in an
inactivation or an inhibition of the
multiplication of the virus has been
successful in several cases (a.o.
sugar-cane, fruit trees).
MERISTEM CULTURE- However, there
are viruses which are not inactivated by
heat; to obtain virus-free material from
plants infected with such viruses the
small tip meristems are isolated and
cultivated on nutrient media because in
several cases the tip meristem of
systemically infected plants appeared to
be virus-free
 SEED SCARIFICATION

Scarification in botany involves cutting the seed coat

using abrasion, thermal stress, or chemicals to
encourage germination. The seeds of many plant species
are often impervious to water and gases, thus preventing
or delaying germination. Any process of breaking,
scratching, or altering the testa, seed coat, through
chemical or thermal methods to make it permeable to
water and gases is known as scarification.
TYPES OF SCARIFICATION
1. Mechanical scarification- the testa is physically opened to
allow moisture and air to penetrate. Seed coats can be filed with
a metal file, rubbed with sandpaper, nicked with a knife, cracked
gently with a hammer, or any other possible form of physical
abrasion to weaken and open the seed coat.
2. Chemical scarification. This is achieved by imbibing, soaking,
seeds in concentrated acidic solutions at appropriate
concentrations and durations of treatment. Chemicals such as
sulfuric acid or even household bleach can be used to undergo
this process.
3. The use of hot water for brief periods. This is known as the hot
water treatment.
4. Scarification can also be achieved through the use of nutrient
salts such as potassium nitrate.
 Growing media
Functions of Growing Medium
Growing mixes used to produce greenhouse
floricultural crops provide four functions (order
does not indicate importance):

1) allow gas exchange (oxygen, carbon dioxide)

2) hold water that is available to the plants
3) create a reservoir of mineral nutrients
4) provide plant support
What are the desirable qualities of the
ideal growing mix?
1. High volume of air space.
2. Moderate water holding capacity.
3. Stability against compaction and
decomposition.
4. Low soluble salt level.
5. Low-volume price
6. Freedom from pests and toxins.
Soil media components
1. Garden soil 1 part
2. Sieved sand 1part
3. Compost 1 part
4. Sawdust/rice hull 1 part
CONTAINERS USED FOR PLACING GROWING MEDIA
Polyethylene bags- An example of
polythene bag container for growing
carrots. This bag is 1.5 feet deep and
little less than a foot in diameter. You
can also see the drainage holes made
in the sides. There are drainage holes
in the bottom as well. These bags are
very useful for growing Long carrots .
Clay pots- Most
tomato plants
require a 15-
gallon (60-liter),
18-inch (46-
centimeter) pot
in order to have
adequate room
to develop.
Plastic containers- The simple
concept of growing plants in
pots or even in plastic bottles or
plastic shopping bags, offers a
variety of ways to enjoy
gardening and produce plants
in the most difficult
Benefits and advantages of container gardening
As container gardening can be practiced anywhere,
benefits and advantages are extremely diverse:
· It helps saving irrigation water (water conservation).
· It avoids a lot of hosing and weeding (time and labor
saving).
· It enables gardening on all floors of apartment blocks
and high buildings.
· It avoids competition with wildlife.
· Container gardens are close to the kitchen (fresh
homegrown herbs).
· Possibility to intersperse containers with food crops
and flowering plants (repelling insects).
The following procedures are considered
in the establishment and management of
a native tree nursery:
a. Site Selection b. Site Preparation
c. Construction of Nursery Infrastructure
and Facilities d. Seedling Production
e. Seed Processing f. Seed Storage and
Handlingg. Care and Maintenance
Types of Nurseries

1) Temporary nursery – This type of

nursery is developed only to fulfill the
requirement of the season or a targeted
project. The nurseries for production of
seedlings of transplanted vegetables and
flower crops are of temporary nature.
Like wise temporary arrangement for
growing forest seedlings for planting in
2) Permanent nursery – This type of
the nursery is placed permanently
so as to produce plants
continuously. These nurseries have
all the permanent features.
According to type of plants produced nurseries
are classified in to following types:
1) Fruit plant Nurseries: - In this nursery
seedlings and grafts of fruit crops are developed.
2) Vegetable nurseries: - In this nursery
seedlings of cauliflower, cabbage, brinjal and
tomato are prepared.
3) Flowers plants nurseries :- The seedlings of
flowering plants like gerbera, carnation,
petunia, salvia, rose, chrysanthemum, coleus,
aster, dianthus are developed in this nurseries.
4) Forest nurseries: - The seedlings of
plants useful for forestation like pine,
oak, teak, eucalyptus, casuarinas are
prepared and sold.
5) Miscellaneous nurseries: - In such type
of nurseries plants with great economic
value, rare and medicinal, herbal plants
are propagated. In this nursery plants
like geranium, rose, calendula, and
Selection of site
• 1) Nearness of road
• 2) Near a habitat
• 3) Suitable climate
• 4) Neither shady nor exposed area
• 5) Sufficient sunlight
• 6) Good irrigation facilities
• 7) Good soil condition
• 8) Good transport facility
 PLANT PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES

Plant propagation is the process

of creating new plants from a
variety of sources: seeds, cuttings
, bulbs and other plant parts.
Plant propagation can also refer
to the artificial or natural
dispersal of plants .
Sexual propagation (seed)
Seeds and spores can be used for reproduction (through
e.g. sowing). Seeds are typically produced from sexual
reproduction within a species, because
genetic recombination has occurred.

Asexual propagation
Plants have a number of mechanisms for
asexual or vegetative reproduction. Some of these have
been taken advantage of by horticulturists and
gardeners to multiply or clone plants rapidly. People
also use methods that plants do not use, such as
TECHNIQUES FOR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
INCLUDE:
· AIR OR GROUND LAYERING
· DIVISION
· GRAFTING AND BUD GRAFTING, WIDELY USED IN
FRUIT TREE PROPAGATION
· MICROPROPAGATION
· STOLONS OR RUNNERS
· STORAGE ORGANS SUCH AS BULBS, CORMS,
TUBERS AND RHIZOMES
· STRIKING OR CUTTINGS
• · TWIN-SCALING
• OFFSETS
Cuttings
Many types of plants, both woody and
herbaceous, are frequently propagated by
cuttings. A cutting is a vegetative plant part
which is severed from the parent plant in order
to regenerate itself, thereby forming a whole
new plant. Take cuttings with a sharp blade to
reduce injury to the parent plant. Dip the
cutting tool in rubbing alcohol or a mixture of
one part bleach to nine parts water to prevent
transmitting diseases from infected plant parts
Stems CuttingsNumerous plant
species are propagated by stem
cuttings. Most can be taken
throughout summer and fall, but
stem cuttings of some woody plants
root better if taken in the fall or in
the dormant season.
Tip cuttingsDetach a 2- to 6-inch piece of stem,
including the terminal bud. Make the cut just below a
node. Remove lower leaves that would touch or be below
the medium. Dip the stem in rooting hormone if desired.
Gently tap the end of the cutting to remove excess
hormone. Make a hole in the medium with a pencil or
pot label, and insert the cutting deeply enough into the
media to support itself.
Medial cuttings (also stem-section
cuttings)Make the first cut just above a
node, and the second cut just below a
node 2 to 6 inches down the stem. Prepare
and insert the cutting as you would a tip
cutting. Be sure to position right side up.
Buds are always above leaves.
Make sure the
cutting is inserted
base down.
Cane cuttingsCut cane-like stems
into sections containing one or two
eyes, or nodes. Dust ends with
fungicide or activated charcoal. Allow
to dry several hours. Lay horizontally
with about half of the cutting below
the media surface, eye facing upward
Single EyeThe eye refers to the
bud which emerges at the axil of
the leaf at each node. This is
used for plants with alternate
leaves when space or stock
material are limited. Cut the stem
about 1/2 inch above and 1/2
inch below a node. Place the
cutting horizontally or vertically
in the medium with the node just
touching the surface.
Double Eye
This is used for plants with
opposite leaves when space or
stock material is limited. Cut the
stem about 1/2 inch above and
1/2 inch below the same node.
Insert the cutting vertically in the
medium with the node just
touching the surface.
Heel cutting
This method uses stock material with
woody stems efficiently. Make a
shield-shaped cut about halfway
through the wood around a leaf and
axial bud. Insert the shield
horizontally into the medium so that
it is completely covered. Remove any
leaf blade but keep a portion of the
petiole intact for ease in handling
this small cutting.
Leaf CuttingsLeaf cuttings are used almost exclusively
for a few indoor plants. Leaves of most plants will
either produce a few roots but no plant, or just decay.
Whole leaf with petiole

Detach the leaf and up to 1 1/2 inches of

petiole. Insert the lower end of the petiole
into the medium. One or more new plants
will form at the base of the petiole. The leaf
may be severed from the new plants when
they have their own roots, and the petiole
can be reused. (Example: African violet).
Whole leaf
This is used for plants with
without petiole
sessile leaves (no stalk or
petiole). Insert the cutting
vertically into the medium.
A new plant will form from
the axillary bud. The leaf
may be removed when the
new plant has its own
roots. (Example: donkey's
Split vein Detach a leaf from the stock
plant. Slit its veins on the lower
leaf surface. Lay the cutting,
lower side down, on the medium.
New plants will form at each cut.
If the leaf tends to curl up, hold
it in place by covering the
margins with the rooting
medium. (Example: Rex
begonia).
Leaf sectionsThis method is
frequently used with snake plant
and fibrous rooted begonias. Cut
begonia leaves into wedges with at
least one vein. Lay leaves flat on the
snake plant leaves into 2-inch
sections.Consistently make the
lower cut slanted and the upper cut
straight so you can tell which is the
top. Insert the cutting vertically.
Root Cuttings
Root cuttings are usually taken
from 2- to 3-year-old plants during
their dormant season when they
have a large carbohydrate supply.
Root cuttings of some species
produce new shoots, which then
.

form their own root systems, while

root cuttings of other plants
develop root systems before
producing new shoots
Layering Stems still attached to their
parent plants may form roots where they
touch a rooting medium. Severed from
the parent plant, the rooted stem
becomes a new plant. This method of
vegetative propagation, called layering,
promotes a high success rate because it
prevents the water stress and
carbohydrate shortage that plague
cuttings.
Tip layeringDig a hole 3 to 4 inches
deep. Insert the shoot tip and cover it
with soil. The tip grows downward
first, then bends sharply and grows
upward. Roots form at the bend, and
the recurved tip becomes a new
plant. Remove the tip layer and plant
it in the early spring or late fall.
Examples: purple and black
Simple layering
Bend the stem to the ground. Cover
part of it with soil, leaving the last
6 to 12 inches exposed. Bend the
tip into a vertical position and
stake in place. The sharp bend will
often induce rooting, but wounding
the lower side of the branch or
loosening the bark by twisting the
stem may help. Examples:
forsythia, honeysuckle.
Compound layering

This method works for plants with

flexible stems. Bend the stem to the
rooting medium as for simple layering,
but alternately cover and expose stem
sections. Wound the lower side of the
stem sections to be covered. Examples:
heart-leaf philodendron, pothos
.
Mound (stool) layering

Cut the plant back to 1 inch

above the ground in the
dormant season. Mound soil
over the emerging shoots in
the spring to enhance their
rooting. Examples:
gooseberries, apple rootstocks.
Air layeringAir layering is used to
propagate some indoor plants with
thick stems, or to rejuvenate them
when they become leggy. Slit the stem
just below a node. Pry the slit open with
a toothpick. Surround the wound with
wet unmilled sphagnum moss. Wrap
plastic or foil around the sphagnum
moss and tie in place. When roots
pervade the moss, cut the plant off
below the root ball.
 Grafting
¡ Two plants parts are joined and continue
growth as one plant
l Contact between cambial regions of
scion and stock
l Scion-wood or budstick taken from plant
exhibiting the desired characteristics
Rootstock selection based on desired
rooting ability, tolerance to stresses &
pests/diseases
¡ Mechanism of Graftage
l Joining stock & scion
l Fitting together the components
for maximum contact between
cambial layers
l Form new layers of xylem &
phloem vessels from meristems
l Permanent union and create
continuum
¡ Conditions
l Favorable environmental factors
l There is a union of cambial layers
l Rootstock be alive until union is
complete
l Compatibility between scion & stock
Types of Grafting:
Cleft Grafting – the most popular method of
asexual propagation using 5-7 day old rootstock
Hypocotyl Grafting - this uses 21-28 day old
rootstock
Epicotyl Grafting – this is most appropriate for 2-
4 month old rootstocks
Single node Grafting – this is easier and cheaper.
It can produce 5 times more plants using the
same number of scion. It is done by grafting a
bud eye with a small stem, putting the leaf to a
12-15 day old seedling.
INARCHING- Applicable to all stages of the
scion but not widely practiced since it is labor
intensive.

Select a rootstock;
Make a slanting cut on the rootstock and scion
branch;
Join the two by tying with a string of plastic
strip;
When partial union is attained, cut upper part
of rootstock;
When complete union is attained, cut lower
part of scion.
BUDDING- This is the process of transferring the
lateral bud taken from a scion to the stock of the
same family
Remove a rectangular patch of bark from
.

the rootstock;
Obtain a similar size of bud from the
scion;
Fit a bud-eye into the cut on the rootstock;
Cover with a thin plastic strip/budding
tape;
Remove plastic strip after complete union;
Cut back rootstock.
MARCOTTING- This is the process of inducing a
branch or twig to produce roots while attached to the
mature parent plant.
Remove the bark around the mark stem;
Cover the cut part with soil 5-7cm thick or some
moisture-holding material held in place using coconut
or sheet;
Tie the plastic sheet securely with wire or straw tohold
the soil or rooting media and preventing it from falling;
Remove the plastic sheet when the stem with callus and
roots are ready to be cut.
Care and maintenance of grafts
Ö Apply foliar fertilizer that contains micronutrients to growing
plants every two weeks. Apply 5g or complete fertilizer per plant
one month after grafting, then add 2g/mo thereafter.
Spray recommended chemicals to young seedlings.
Observe proper sanitation.
Provide the grafts with 40-50% shade using fishnets or suitable
materials.

Water the plant regularly (or as the need arises) to keep soil
moist all the time, gradually watering 2-3 weeks before planting.

Gradually remove the shade during the growing period.

Completely remove it 2-3 weeks before planting to prepare the
grafted plants to the condition of the field.
END OF
SLIDE