ECE 3001 Analog Communication Systems

ECE 3001 Analog Communication Systems
Overview
Communication is the transfer of information from one place to

another.
This should be done

- as efficiently as possible
- with as much fidelity/reliability as possible
- as securely as possible
Communication System: Components/subsystems act together to

accomplish information transfer/exchange.
Prof. V Noor Mohammed

Elements of a Communication System
• A communication system is composed of the

following:
Source
Input Output
Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver
Transducer

Input Transducer: The message produced by a source must be
converted by a transducer to a form suitable for the particular type of
communication system.
Example: In electrical communications, speech waves are converted
by a microphone to voltage variation.
Transmitter: The transmitter processes the input signal to produce a

signal suits to the characteristics of the transmission channel.
Signal processing for transmission almost always involves
modulation and may also include coding. In addition to modulation,
other functions performed by the transmitter are amplification,
filtering and coupling the modulated signal to the channel.

Channel: The channel can have different forms: The atmosphere (or free space),
coaxial cable, fiber optic, waveguide, etc.
The signal undergoes some amount of degradation from noise, interference and
distortion
Receiver: The receiver’s function is to extract the desired signal from the received
signal at the channel output and to convert it to a form suitable for the output
transducer.
Other functions performed by the receiver: amplification (the received signal may
be extremely weak), demodulation and filtering.
Output Transducer: Converts the electric signal at its input into the form desired
by the system user.
Example: Loudspeaker, personal computer (PC), tape recorders.

To be transmitted, Information (Data)
must be transformed to electromagnetic
signals.

What is the Electromagnetic
Spectrum?
• The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete
spectrum (or continuum) of all forms of “light”
• An electromagnetic wave consists of electric and

magnetic fields which vibrate - thus making waves.
7
Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Types of EM Radiation
• Radiowaves
– lowest energy EM radiation
Wave length Frequency Transmission Propagation Representative Frequency
Designations Media Modes Applications
Extra High Satellite,

1 cm Frequency (EHF) Microwave relay, 100 GHz
Wave guide Earth-satellite radar.
Super High
10 cm Frequency (SHF) 10 GHz
Line-of-sight radio
Ultra High Wireless comm.
1m Frequency (UHF) service, 1 GHz
Cellular, pagers, UHF
TV
Very High Coaxial Cable Mobile, Aeronautical,
10m Frequency (VHF) Sky wave radio VHF TV and FM,
mobile radio 100 MHz
High Frequency Amateur radio, Civil
100m (HF) Defense 10 MHz
Medium High AM broadcasting

1 km Frequency (MF) Ground wave 1 MHz
radio
Low Frequency Aeronautical,
10 km (LF) Submarine cable, 100 kHz
Wire pairs
Navigation,
Very Low Transoceanic radio
100km Frequency (VLF) 10 kHz

Radio Wave Propagation Modes
1 Ground Wave Propagation

Follows contour of the earth Can Propagate considerable distances
Frequencies up to 2 MHz Example : AM radio

2 Sky Wave Propagation
Signal reflected from ionized layer
of atmosphere. Signal can travel
a number of hops, back and forth
Examples SW radio
3 Line-of-Sight Propagation
Transmitting and receiving antennas
must be within line of sight
example
Satellite communication
Ground communication

Basics - Propagation
At VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio

waves follow the ground. AM radio
broadcasting uses MF band
reflection
At HF bands, the ground Ionosphere

waves tend to be absorbed by the
earth. The waves that reach ionosphere
(100 to 500km above earth surface),
are refracted and sent back to
earth.
absorption
Prof. V Noor Mohammed 15

Basics - Propagation
VHF Transmission
LOS path
Reflected Wave
 Directional antennas are used

 Waves follow more direct paths
 LOS: Line-of-Sight Communication
 Reflected wave interfere with the original signal
Dr. S. Hariharan, SENSE, VIT
Prof. V Noor Mohammed 16
The bandwidth of a composite signal is
the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequencies
contained in that signal.
Figure The bandwidth of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals
Example
If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves

with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what
is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all
components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency,
and B the bandwidth. Then
The spectrum has only five spikes, at 100, 300, 500, 700,
and 900 Hz (see next Figure ).
Figure The bandwidth for Example
Example
A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest

frequency is 60 Hz. What is the lowest frequency? Draw
the spectrum if the signal contains all frequencies of the
same amplitude.
Solution
Let fh be the highest frequency, fl the lowest frequency,
and B the bandwidth. Then
The spectrum contains all integer frequencies. We show

this by a series of spikes (see next Figure ).
Figure The bandwidth for Example
Brief Chronology of Communication Systems
• 1844 Telegraph:
• 1876 Telephony:
• 1904 Radio:
• 1923-1938 Television:
• 1936 Armstrong’s case of FM radio
• 1938-1945 World War II Radar and microwave systems
• 1948-1950 Information Theory and coding. C. E. Shannon
• 1962 Satellite communications begins with Telstar I.
• 1962-1966 High Speed digital communication
• 1972 Motorola develops cellular telephone.
• 1984 1G (Japan)
• 1991 2G (GSM)
• 2001 3G
• 2009 4G
• 2019 5G

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ECE 3001 Analog Communication Systems

Communication is the transfer of information from one place to

This should be done

Communication System: Components/subsystems act together to

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

• A communication system is composed of the

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

Transmitter: The transmitter processes the input signal to produce a

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

• An electromagnetic wave consists of electric and

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

Extra High Satellite,

Medium High AM broadcasting

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

1 Ground Wave Propagation

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

Prof. V Noor Mohammed

At VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio

At HF bands, the ground Ionosphere

Prof. V Noor Mohammed 15

 Directional antennas are used

If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves

A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest

The spectrum contains all integer frequencies. We show

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