Angles and Directions

Unit 5
Angles and
Directions
Introductions
 When angle is measured in

horizontal plane it is horizontal
angle when measured in a vertical
plane it is vertical angle.
A
 Basic Components of an Angle
1.reference or starting line (A) B
2.direction of turn (B)
3.angular value (C) usually in DMS
C
Measuring Angles
B
C
90 0
1130
00
00
27
18
00
Angle measuring instrument
A theodolite is a
precision instrument for
measuring angles in the
horizontal and vertical
planes
may be classified as
1.Optical theodolite
2.Digital theodolite
COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL ‘OPTO-MECHANICAL’ THEODOLITE
Vertical Circle
Micrometer for
Circle Readings Objective of
E
PLUNG Telescope
Fine Vertical
HORIZONTAL AXIS Adjustment for
LINE OF Telescope
SIGHT Alignment
Optical Switch for TURN (Tangent Screw)
Horizontal/ Vertical
Circle Readings Standard
Fine Horizontal Precise Hor. Bubble
Adjustment for Telescope (Plate Bubble)
Alignment (Tangent Horizontal Circle
Screw) Adjustment
For Orientation
Horizontal circle (Orientation Driver)
housing
Vertical Axis
Eye piece of Tribrach (detachable)

of Rotation
optical plummet
Foot Screw
Circular Bubble
Types of horizontal angle
1-Interior horizontal angle

(included) can be clockwise or
anticlockwise depending on the
direction of turning
2 Deflection horizontal angles
deflection to the right and left
R
L L
Direction of progress
Direction
Direction of a line
is the horizontal
angle measured from
a reference line
The direction of a line
is defined by a horizontal
angle between the line
and an arbitrarily chosen
reference line called a
meridian/north pole
Types of north/meridians
 Astronomic - angle measured from astronomic north
(as determined by the stars). This meridian is very close to
geodetic, and the two have sometimes been used
interchangeably.
Magnetic north. It is the direction of a vertical plane shown by a
freely suspended magnetic needle. It will be measured by compass.
angle measured from magnetic north. Since magnetic fields
fluctuate over time, this meridian is time-dependent.
 Arbitrary North
angle measured from a meridian assumed by the user
 Grid North- A line through a point parallel to the Y–axis of a
rectangular coordinate system on the map.
 angle measured from grid (map) north .This angle is dependent
on the map-projection.
Types of directions
1.Azimuths - horizontal angles measured clockwise from a

reference meridian.
Azimuth gives the direction of the line with respect to the meridian.
Azimuths are usually measured from the north end of
the meridian
Every line has two azimuths (forward and back) and their values
differ by 180°
Azimuth are referred to astronomic, magnetic, or assumed
meridian
Azimuth
FIRST
QUAD
2ND
QUAD
4TH
QUAD
3RD
QUAD
2.Bearings Another method of describing the direction
of a line is give its bearing.
The bearing of a line is defined as the smallest angle which
that line makes with the reference meridian
A bearing cannot be greater than 90°
(bearings are measured in relation to the north or south end of
the meridian -NE, NW, SE, or SW)
Bearings
N---W N---E
S---W S---E
Letter at start and end defines the quadrant

Angular value measured from N-S line
Magnetic Declination
The angle between magnetic north and true north at a
particular location. Also called magnetic variation.
Example
N If θ = 400 15’ ß = 320 20’ 16’’

B
fined bearing
θ
and Azimuth of
AB and AC?
E
W A
ß
C
S
Forward bearing of line AB is N 600E
Backward bearing of AB is = bearing BA?
N
B
A
Find the back bearing of line KT if a forward bearing
of KT is N 52012’15” W.
W
k
Find the backward azimuth of the following lines having foreword azimuth
Line Forward azimuth
AB 43011’20’’
BC 1120 20’15’’
CD 1970 18’36’’
DE 3200 17’40’’
 Calculate bearing and azimuth of line DE and KT

using the given coordinates
x y
D 200 600
E 450.2 155.3
K 930.2 825.5
T 538.4 31.3
 The magnetic bearing of a line is measured and found to
be N23043’12” E. if the declination at the time of
measurement was 2’east, calculate the true bearing of this
line.
1.Find true bearing of a line AB if magnetic bearing is S

45032’34”W.
2.Use declination at a time was 3’west.
Thank you
END woof

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Unit 5

 When angle is measured in

Eye piece of Tribrach (detachable)

1-Interior horizontal angle

1.Azimuths - horizontal angles measured clockwise from a

Letter at start and end defines the quadrant

N If θ = 400 15’ ß = 320 20’ 16’’

 Calculate bearing and azimuth of line DE and KT

1.Find true bearing of a line AB if magnetic bearing is S

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