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    Role of Physiotherapist in Doping Control: Shohaim

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    shobhna mishra
    1. Physiotherapists play a role in doping control by understanding anti-doping rules and prohibited substances. 2. Doping refers to the use of banned substances or methods to gain an unfair athletic advantage and is regulated by organizations like WADA and IOC. 3. Common banned substances include anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, beta-2 agonists, masking agents, stimulants, narcotics, and glucocorticosteroids. Banned methods include blood doping and gene doping.

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    Role of Physiotherapist in Doping Control: Shohaim

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    shobhna mishra
    45 views38 pages
    1. Physiotherapists play a role in doping control by understanding anti-doping rules and prohibited substances. 2. Doping refers to the use of banned substances or methods to gain an unfair athletic advantage and is regulated by organizations like WADA and IOC. 3. Common banned substances include anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, beta-2 agonists, masking agents, stimulants, narcotics, and glucocorticosteroids. Banned methods include blood doping and gene doping.

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    1. Physiotherapists play a role in doping control by understanding anti-doping rules and prohibited substances. 2. Doping refers to the use of banned substances or methods to gain an unfair athletic advantage and is regulated by organizations like WADA and IOC. 3. Common banned substances include anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, beta-2 agonists, masking agents, stimulants, narcotics, and glucocorticosteroids. Banned methods include blood doping and gene doping.

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    45 views38 pages

    Role of Physiotherapist in Doping Control: Shohaim

    Uploaded by

    shobhna mishra
    1. Physiotherapists play a role in doping control by understanding anti-doping rules and prohibited substances. 2. Doping refers to the use of banned substances or methods to gain an unfair athletic advantage and is regulated by organizations like WADA and IOC. 3. Common banned substances include anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, beta-2 agonists, masking agents, stimulants, narcotics, and glucocorticosteroids. Banned methods include blood doping and gene doping.

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    Role of Physiotherapist in

    Doping Control

    shohaim
    According to International Olympic Committee ,
    Doping is the ‘administration of or use by a
    competing athlete of any substance foreign to
    the body or any physiological substance taken
    in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal
    route of entry into the body with the sole
    purpose of increasing in an artificial and unfair
    manner his / her performance in competition.’
    Defination of doping as per WADA -
    Doping is defined as the occurrence of one
    or more of the anti doping rule violations
    mentioned in the WADA code.
    The following constitute anti doping rule violations
    1. Presence of prohibited substance or its metabolites
    in an Athlete’s bodily specimen
    2. Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or
    prohibited method
    3. Refusing to submit sample collection without justification
    after notification.
    4. Violation of applicable requirements regarding athlete
    availability for out of competetion testing including failure
    to provide required whereabouts information which are
    based on reasonable rules
    5 . Tampering or attempting to tamper with any part of
    doping control
    6 . Possesion of prohibited substances and methods.
    7. Trafficiking in any prohibited substance or prohibited
    method.
    8. Administration or attempted administration of a prohibited
    substance or, prohibited method to any athlete or
    assisting , ,encouraging,,aiding in violating any anti
    doping rule or any attempted violation.
    Why do Athletes take drugs ?
    • Belief that their competitors are taking drugs

    • A determination to do anything possible to attain success

    • Direct / Indirect pressures from Coaches, Parents and Peers

    • Pressure from Government and / or authorities themselves

    • Lack of access to legal and natural methods to enhance


    Performance (Nutrition, Psychology)

    • Community attitudes and expectations regarding


    success and performance

    • Financial rewards

    • Influence from media in facilitating these expectations


    W.A.D.A
    WORLD ANTI DOPING AGENCY

    Established in 1999 from an initiative of IOC

    It is a private Organization constituted under


    Swiss Law

    MISSION : To promote and coordinate internationally


    the fight against doping in sports.
    Prohibited Substances[all
    time]
    • Anabolic Agents
    • Hormones
    • Beta-2 Agonists
    • Agents with anti –Oestrogenic activity
    • Diuretics and other Masking agents
    Prohibited Methods [all
    time ]
    • Enhancement of oxygen transfer

    • Chemical and physical manipulation

    • Gene doping
    Prohibited Substances [in competition ]

    • Anabolic Agents
    • Hormones
    • Beta-2 Agonists
    • Agents with anti –Oestrogenic activity
    • Diuretics and other Masking agents
    • Stimulants
    • Narcotic analgesics
    • Cannabinoids
    • Glucocorticosteroids
    Androgenic Anabolic Steroids

    Nandrolone ,Stanozolol, Testosterone, Norethandrolone,


    (Durabolin,Decadurabolin,Neurabol,Stromba,Aquaviron)
    DHEA
    Other Anabolic Agents
    (Clenbuterol, Salbutamol,Terbutaline)
    Effects
    • Increases Muscle bulk
    • Increases Strength & Power
    • Improves competitiveness
    Adverse Effects
    Retards growth, Liver cancer,
    Aggressive behavior,
    Risk of heart disease.
    In Males : ↑B.P,
    Atrophy of testis,
    Gynaecomastia,
    ↓ sperm count.

    In Females : Masculinization,
    Facial hairs, Infertility
    Menstrual disturbances,
    Deepening of voice.
    The 1988 Seoul Olympics Doping
    Scandal Involving Ben Johnson

     Canada’s Ben Johnson was defending 1987 World


    Champion and World Record holder in the 100 meters

     The Seoul Olympics 100 meter final between Ben


    Johnson and defending Olympic Champion American
    Carl Lewis, was becoming the feature event of the
    Games
    The 1988 Seoul Olympics Doping Scandal Involving
    Ben Johnson

    Seoul Olympics, September 24, 1988


    In front of 88,000 amazed spectators, Johnson won the
    Seoul Olympics 100 meter final in a new Olympic
    record of 9.79 seconds

    Hours later Johnson’s gold medal and Olympic record


    were removed due to a doping infraction
    ( anabolic steroid stanozonol)

    Carl Lewis (USA) was subsequently awarded the gold…. !!!!


    2.HORMONES & ANALOGUES
    1.Erythropoetin (EPO)

    It increases rate of RBC production

    Increases oxygen availability to tissue


    ↓
    ↑ Adenosine Phosphate production
    ↓
    Resulting in improved aerobic performance

    Adverse Effects
    Thrombosis,Increased blood viscosity,
    Headache ,seizure
    left ventricular failure ,
    2. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) (Somatotrophin)
    Increases muscle mass & strength
    Adverse effects
    ,Arthritis,gigantisam,
    enlargement of fingers and toes
    Impotence,cardiomeagly
    Growth of orbit ,
    lengthining of jaw ,
    impaired glucose regulation ,
    skeletal changes)
    3. Gonadotrophin (LH, HCG)
    Stimulates the production of Testosterone &
    Epitestosterone

    4 .Insulin
    In conjunction with A.S increases muscle mass

    5. Corticotrophin (ACTH)
    Increases the blood levels of endogenous corticosteroids.
    Reduces lethargy and elevates the mood (Euphoria)
    3. BETA- 2 AGONISTS
    Only Formeterol, Salbutamol (lesser than 1000 ng/ml),
    Salmeterol and Terbutaline are permitted
    by inhalation to prevent/treat Asthma
    Requires:
    Abbreviated Therapeutic Use Exemption ( A.T.U.E )
    Adverse effects
    Cardiac muscle Atrophy,
    Tachycardia,
    Anxiety,palpitations,
    Myocardial infarction
    4.Agents with Anti- Estrogenic
    Activity
    • Aromatase inhibitors including, but not limited
    to, Anastrozole, Letrozole, Aminoglutethimide,
    exemestane, Formestane,Testolactone
    • Selective estrogen receptor modulators
    including, but not limited to, raloxifene,
    tamoxifen, toremifene.
    • Other anti estrogenic substances including, but
    not limited to, Clomiphene, Cyclofenil,
    Fulvestrant.
    5.DIURETICS &
    Other MASKING AGENTS

    Furosemide, Spironolactone, Hydrochlorthiazide


    (Lasix, Lorvas, Esidrex, Dytide)

    - Reduces Body weight by increasing urine output


    - To overcome the fluid retention induced by Anabolic Steroids.
    - Reduces the concentration of drugs in urine and
    thus minimises their detection chances

    Adverse effects :
    Dehydration, Electrolyte imbalance,Muscle cramps
    Other Masking agents

    Epitestosterone, Probenecid
    Plasma expanders (Dextran, Starch)

    Used for :

    Impairing the excretion of Prohibited substances


    Conceal the presence in the samples
    Change haematological parameters
    Prohibited Methods
    - Enhancement of Oxygen transfer
    Blood doping, Erythropoetin
    - Chemical & Physical manipulation
    Masking Agents, Catheterisation,
    Urine substitution/tampering
    Intravenous infusions (except for medical treatment)
    Gene Doping
    Gene or Cell doping is defined as the
    non-therapeutic use of Genes, genetic elements or
    cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic
    performance
    Substances and Methods
    Prohibited in Competition only
    Stimulants
    Amphetamine, Cocaine,Ephedrine,Pemoline,
    Strychnine
    (Aspro, Corex, Phensydyl, Actifed, Polaramine, Solvin,
    Sudafed, Triaminic, Tixylix, Alerid-D, Vita X-Gold)
    Caffeine,Phenylephrine,Phenylproponalamine,
    pseudoephedrine are permitted
    Cathine – limit is 5 microgrammes per ml
    Ephedrine & Methyl ephedrine – limit is 10 microgramme/ml
    Increases Blood flow
    Increases competitiveness
    Decreases sensitivity to pain
    Decreases fatigue
    Increases alertness
    Side effects: Increased heart rate,Irregular heart beats,
    Anxiety, tremors, dehydration, loss of judgement
    NARCOTICS
    Morphine, Pethedine,Heroin,Fortwin etc

    Blocks (masks) the pain sensation


    Causes Euphoria (excitement- delirium)

    Respiratory depression, Low Blood Pressure


    Physical & Psychological dependence,
    Mental clouding

    Contact Sports
    Cannabinoids
    Hashish, Marijuana

    Results in - impairment of Balance & Co- ordination


    Drowsiness
    Loss of Concentration
    Hallucinations
    Glucocorticosteroids
     Reduce inflammation,Causes mood changes including
    Euphoria, Osteoporosis, Softening of connective tissue and
    weakening of an injured area in muscles, joints, tendons or
    ligaments.

     Prohibited ; orally, intravenous,intramuscularly, rectally. Use


    requires T.U.E

     Other routes of administration


    (intraarticular/periarticular/peritendinous/epidural/intraderm
    al injections and inhalation require ATUE.

     Permitted : Topical preparations when used for


    dermatological, auricular,nasal,ophthalmological,gingival
    and perianal disorders.
     No TUE/ATUE required.
    Substances prohibited in particular sports

    1. Alcohol

    2 .Beta Blockers
    ALCOHOL
    Prohibited in :

    Aeronautic ( 0.20 g/L) , Power boating (0.30 g/L) , Archery,


    Automobile,Motorcycling, Karate, Modern Pentathlon
    including shooting
    ( all 0.10 g/L)

    Breath or blood alcohol levels may be determined at the


    request of a Federation.

    Side effects - CNS depressant.


    Results in impairment of judgement, reflexes and muscular
    coordination
    BETA BLOCKERS

    Atenolol, Propanolol, Acebutalol etc

    Prohibited in :

    Archery, Gymnastics, Shooting, Wrestling, Sailing,


    Aeronautic, Billiards, Motorcycling, Curling, Bridge,
    Nine-pin Bowling

    Reduces hand tremors


    (Decreases heart rate &Cardiac output)

    Side effects : Head ache, Depression, Fatigue,


    Muscle cramps, Hypoglycemia
    Specified Substances

     The prohibited list may identify specified


    substances which are particularly susceptible
    to unintentional anti doping rule violations
    because of their general availability in
    medicinal products or which are less likely to
    be successfully abused as doping agents.

     A doping violation involving such substances may


    result in a reduced sanction provided that the
    “.Athlete can establish that the use of such a
    specified substance was not intended to enhance
    sports performance..”
    Specified Substances
    • All inhaled Beta-2 agonists, except
    Salbutamol ( greater than 1000 ng/ml) and
    Clenbuterol
    • Probenecid
    • Cannabinoids
    • All glucocorticosteroids
    • Alcohol
    • All beta blockers
    • Specified Stimulants :
    • Cathine, cropropamide, crotetamide, ephedrine,
    etamivan, famprofazone, heptaminol, isometheptene,
    octopamine, levmethamfetamine, meclofenoxate,
    oxilofrine,p-methylamphetamine, methylephedrine,
    nikethamide, propylhexedrine, ortetamine,
    propylhexedrine,selegiline, and any other stimulant
    not expressly listed under the category of
    Stimulants .
    How can a physiotherapist play a
    vital role in doping control
    • Team physiotherapists can create awareness about
    the WADA rules among athletes.

    • They can educate the athletes about various


    hazardous and even life threatening effects of drug
    abuse

    • Guide the athletes to achieve success


    by legal and natural methods to enhance Performance
    (Nutrition, Psychology)

    • Convince the sportsmen to think upon long term effects rather


    than short term effects
    Thank you

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