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    Chem Acids, Bases and Salts

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    Jun Zhe
    The document defines acids, bases, and salts. It states that acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and have a sour taste and pH lower than 7. Bases neutralize acids to form salts and water, and have a pH above 7. Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base or metal. Acids can undergo several chemical reactions including neutralization, reaction with metals and their oxides, and reaction with bases to form salts and water.

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    Chem Acids, Bases and Salts

    Uploaded by

    Jun Zhe
    29 views27 pages
    The document defines acids, bases, and salts. It states that acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and have a sour taste and pH lower than 7. Bases neutralize acids to form salts and water, and have a pH above 7. Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base or metal. Acids can undergo several chemical reactions including neutralization, reaction with metals and their oxides, and reaction with bases to form salts and water.

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    chem Acids, bases and salts

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    chem Acids, bases and salts

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    The document defines acids, bases, and salts. It states that acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and have a sour taste and pH lower than 7. Bases neutralize acids to form salts and water, and have a pH above 7. Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base or metal. Acids can undergo several chemical reactions including neutralization, reaction with metals and their oxides, and reaction with bases to form salts and water.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    29 views27 pages

    Chem Acids, Bases and Salts

    Uploaded by

    Jun Zhe
    The document defines acids, bases, and salts. It states that acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions in water and have a sour taste and pH lower than 7. Bases neutralize acids to form salts and water, and have a pH above 7. Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base or metal. Acids can undergo several chemical reactions including neutralization, reaction with metals and their oxides, and reaction with bases to form salts and water.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Acids, bases and salts

    Jun Zhe
    What is an acid?
     An acid is a substance that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions.
     Have a sour taste.
     Strong ones are corrosive.
     Contains an excess of hydrogen ions.
     Turns blue litmus paper red.
     Has a pH value lower than 7.
     The more acidic a solution, the lower the pH.
    Organic and mineral acids

    Organic acids examples Mineral acids examples


    Acids produced by plants and animals. Acids not produced by living things.
     Ethanoic acid  Hydrochloric acid
     Methanoic acid  Nitric acid
     Lactic acid  Sulfuric acid
     Citric acid  Carbonic acid
    Strong and weak acids

    Strong acids Weak acids


     Maximum conc. of hydrogen ions  Partially dissociate into ions when dissolved
    in water
     Fully ionize when dissolved In water
     E.g. HCOOH, H2CO3
     The stronger the acid, the lower the pH value
     E.g. HCl, HNO3
    What is a base?
     Bases is a substance which neutralizes an acid to form a salt and water.
     Bases are usually oxides or hydroxides of metals.
     An alkali is a soluble base.
     The hydroxides of Group 1 metals and aqueous ammonia, are alkalis.
     Alkalis turn red litmus blue.
     Alkalis have a pH value above 7.
     The more alkaline a solution, the higher the pH value.
    Strong and weak alkalis

    Strong alkalis Weak alkalis


     Maximum possible conc. of OH- ions  Partially dissociate into ions when dissolved
    in water.
     Completely ionize when dissolved in water
     E.g. NH3(aq)
     E.g. NaOH, KOH
    Indicators
    Universal indicator
    The characteristics of oxides
     Non-metals generally form acidic oxides that dissolve in water to form acidic solutions.
     E.g. CO2, SiO2
     Metals form oxides that are solids. If they dissolve in water, those oxides give alkaline
    solutions. These metal oxides neutralize acids and are basic oxides.
     E.g. MgO, FeO
    Special cases

    Non-metal oxides:
     Water can be thought of as hydrogen oxide, which is a non-metal oxide. It has a pH value
    of 7. Therefore it is a neutral oxide.
     Another example of unusual non-metal oxides is CO, which is also a neutral oxide like
    water.
    Special cases

    Metal oxides:
     Amphoteric hydroxide (or amphoteric metal oxide) – a hydroxide or metal oxide that reacts
    with both an acid and an alkali to give a salt and water.
     E.g. zinc hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide
     If sodium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of a salt of either of these metals, a
    white precipitate of the metal hydroxide is formed.
     For example, ZnCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)  Zn(OH)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)
    What is a salt?
     Salt: a compound made from an acid when a metal takes the place of the hydrogen in the
    acid.
     E.g. NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
     A salt is formed when an acid reacts with an alkali, a metal, a metal oxide, a metal
    hydroxide or metal carbonate.
    Examples
     Chlorides are salts formed from hydrochloric acid. For example sodium chloride:
     Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium chloride + water
     Sulfates are salts formed from sulfuric acid. For example lithium nitrate:
     Sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide  potassium sulfate + water
     Nitrates are salts formed from nitric acid. For example lithium nitrate:
     Nitric acid + lithium hydroxide  lithium nitrate + water
    Chemical reactions of acids
    1. Neutralisation
     Acid + base  salt + water
     Acid + alkali  salt + water
     Example: hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium chloride + water
     HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(s) + H20(l)
     H(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l)
     So, an acid and an alkali can also be defined as:
     Acid: a molecule or ion that is able to donate a proton (H+ ion) to a base.
     Alkali: a molecule or ion that is able to accept a proton.
    2. Reaction with metals
     Metal + acid  metal salt + hydrogen
     Example: Zinc + hydrochloric acid  zinc chloride + hydrogen
     Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
    3. Reaction with metal oxides
     Metal oxide + acid  metal salt + water
     Example: copper oxide + hydrochloric acid  copper chloride + water
     CuO + 2HCL  CuCl2 + H2O
    4. Reaction with metal hydroxides
     Metal hydroxide + acid  metal salt + water
     Example: sodium hydroxide + nitric acid  sodium nitrate + water
     NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H20
    5. Reaction with aqueous ammonia
     A solution of aqueous ammonia contains hydroxide ions. So ammonia also reacts to form a
    salt.
     Example: Ammonia + hydrochloric acid  ammonium chloride
     NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl
    6. Reaction with carbonates
     Metal carbonate + acid  salt + water + carbon dioxide
     Example: calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid  calcium chloride + water + carbon
    dioxide.
     CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

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