Cellular Reproduction: Science 8 4 Quarter Lesson 2

CELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
Science 8
4th Quarter Lesson 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their

1
role in the cell-division cycle
Explain the significance of meiosis in
2
maintaining the chromosome number
Puzzle Activity
Locate ten (10) words that are associated to cellular reproduction in the puzzle. They can be read
horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Puzzle Activity
Locate ten (10) words that are associated to cellular reproduction in the puzzle. They can be read
horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
THE
01 CHROMOSOME
The chromosome and its parts
General characteristics
● All living things contain a self-
replicating genetic material that directs
the activities and functions of the cells.
● Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the
genetic material located inside a
chromosome in the nucleus of the cell.
● The DNA from the parents is transmitted
to the offspring to ensure the continuity
of life.
Parts of the chromosome LABEL
ME!
1. Chromatids – two identical halves of a

replicated chromosome after the Synthesis
phase or the S phase of the cell cycle.
2. Centromere – the attachment points of the A
two chromatids of a chromosome. It is also
described as the constriction point which
divides the chromosome into two sections, or B
“arms.”
3. Short arm – or p arm - upper arms of the
chromosome which is usually shorter.
4. Long arm or Q arm - lower arms of the C
chromosome which is usually longer
D
Review Activity
Label the parts of a chromosome to recall the lesson.
chromatid
p arm centromere
DNA
q arm
02 THE CELL CYCLE
The chromosomes of a cell change their form as they
undergo cell transitions from one stage to another in a
typical cell cycle
What are the processes
involved in cell
division?
Main Functions
1. To create a body
cells that will
maintain, replace,
and repair worn out
cells.
2. To form gametes for
sexual reproduction.
Cell Cycle
It is defined as the sequence of growth and division of

a cell, consisting of interphase and mitotic phase.
Cell Cycle
● Interphase (non-dividing stage) this is where the
chromosomes are long, and extended. This is the
period of growth with DNA replication.
● Cell division or mitotic phase (dividing stage) this
is where the chromosomes become condensed or
thickened. It is the period of reproduction
Cell Cycle
● Cytokinesis - It is the division of the cytoplasm and
the plasma membrane, following the division of the
nucleus resulting in two cells.
Interphase
1. First gap period or G1
where
● cell grows initially
● synthesis of protein and
ribonucleic acid or RNA
occurs
● mitochondria increase in
number.
Interphase
2. Synthesis stage or S phase

where
● DNA are synthesized thus
replicating the
chromosomes in
preparation for the next cell
division.
Interphase
3. Second gap period or G2

where
● cell grows rapidly
● cell prepares for the actual
cell division
THE CELL
03 DIVISION
Mitosis and Meiosis
MITOSIS
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
MITOSIS
● Mitosis is a cellular process
wherein two nuclei and two
cells are produced due to
the division of the original
nucleus, each of which
contains the same
chromosome number as the
parent cell.
Prophase
● Chromosomes condense
and become visible.
● Spindle fibers emerge from
the centrosomes.
● Nuclear envelope breaks
down.
● Centrosomes move toward
opposite poles.
Metaphase
● Chromosomes are lined up
at the metaphase plate.
● Each sister chromatid
attached to a spindle fiber
originating from opposite
poles.
Anaphase
● Centromeres split in two.
● Sister chromatids are pulled
toward opposite poles.
● Certain spindle fibers begin
to elongate the cell.
Telophase
● Chromosomes arrive at
opposite poles and begin to
decondense.
● Nuclear envelope material
surrounds each set of
chromosomes.
● Mitotic spindle breaks
down.
Resulting Number of
Chromosomes
Interphase Prophase Metaphase
Anaphase Telophase
Meiosis
● It is a form of cell division
wherein cells having
diploid chromosome (2n)
produces gametes with a
haploid chromosomes
number (n).
● It occurs in two stages -
Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Meiosis I
● It is known as the reduction stage.
● In this stage, synapsis and crossing-over occur.
● Synapsis pairing of
two chromosomes that
occurs during meiosis
● Crossing over is
exchange of genetic
material.
Prophase I
● The first step of meiosis
that exchanges DNA and
causes crossover between
chromosomes within the
cell dividing.
Metaphase I
● Spindle fibers from the
centrosomes of each pole
connect to bivalents or
tetrads through the
kinetochores.
● Homologous chromosomes
line up at the equatorial plane.
● There is double alignment of
the chromosomes.
Anaphase I
● Spindle fibers begin to

contract and separate the
bivalent or tetrads.
● Homologous chromosomes
separate and migrate to each
pole of the cell.
Telophase I
● Chromosomes decondense.
● Nuclear membranes reform.
● Cytokinesis or the cytoplasmic

division occurs and two haploid
(n) daughter cells with
chromosomes with two sister
chromatids are formed.
Meiosis II
● It is a division stage similar to mitosis, except that the
cell does not undergo interphase anymore.
● This division maintains the haploid number of
chromosomes and completes the goal - to produce four
genetically unique cells from one parent.
● Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes and
creates genetic diversity.
Meiosis II
Resulting Number of
Chromosomes
Comparison between Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Activity 2.1 Complete the table to compare and contrast
mitosis and meiosis.
Basis of Mitosis Meiosis
Comparison
Type of cell Somatic cells Reproductive
involved
cells
Resulting number of 2 diploid daughter 4 haploid
chromosome cells daughter cells
Type of
reproduction Asexual Sexual
involved reproduction reproduction
Function
Reflection
1. Explain the importance of understanding

cell division in our life.
2. Cell division is key to life: from the
moment we are first conceived, we are
continually changing and growing. How
can you be an advocate of life?
Activity 2.2
Using food (e.g. cupcakes, candies, biscuit),

create a model of the different stages of mitosis or
meiosis.
Materials
● Gloves
● Paper plate
● Food (e.g. cupcakes, candies, biscuit)
● Other materials needed in the activity

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CELLULAR

Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their

1. Chromatids – two identical halves of a

It is defined as the sequence of growth and division of

2. Synthesis stage or S phase

3. Second gap period or G2

● Spindle fibers begin to

● Nuclear membranes reform.

● Cytokinesis or the cytoplasmic

1. Explain the importance of understanding

Using food (e.g. cupcakes, candies, biscuit),

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