Powerpoint Presentation: For Physical Science 11

POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION
FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCE
11
BY GROUP 1
What is a
Star?
A star is a ball of gas strongly held together by its own gravitational force. The
Sun, our very own star, is the closest star to Earth and has been used by astronomers
as a model in studying stars in detail.
A star's life starts as clouds of dust and gas. Gravity pulls these clouds
together. Various nuclear fusion reactions take place and drive the formation and
development of stars. Stars with different masses grow and "evolve" (or change)
throughout the different stages of their lives.
Stars, in general, begin life in the same way however they develop in different
ways depending on their size.
The sun, our star, is formed around 4.5 billion years ago. It is driven by
nuclear fusion, initially involving hydrogen and producing helium along with a high
amount of enerU. This is the source of the eneror of a star like our sun.
How Are Stars Formed?
The outer space may seem like a vacuum but in reality, it contains very thinly
spread of gas and dust called the interstellar medium (ISM). Stars are formed from
the accumulation (or accretion) of these clouds of dust and gas, referred to as
molecular clouds. The gravitational pulls together the clouds of gas and
dust causing it to collapse. As the clouds of gas and dust collapse, they become
denser and this paves the way for the formation of stars.
The dense clouds of gas
and dust are known as a nebula — the birthplace of stars. The Orion Nebula situated
in our galaxy, the Milky Way, is one of the brightest nebulae that can be observed in
the night sky.
The formation of stars involves several stages and each stage could take
around million years.
The process of star formation
The figure on the process of star formation shows the
six (6) steps (A to F) of
star formation for Sun-like stars. The process begins
on (A), where clouds of gas and
dust in the space between stars (ISM) collapse into a
dense sphere of gas called a
prestellar core (B) that eventually will become the
sun.
During the collapse, a disk (C) forms around the core, while two jets are
emitted at the poles. At some point the star stops growing, but gas still fall onto
the
disk (D). After a few million years this process also halts. The star is now born
(E),
while the planets are being formed from the left-over material, which will
eventually
become a solar system (F). A solar system typically lives 10 billion years after
the
formation process.
Stars spend the majority of their life fusing hydrogen into helium through a
process called nuclear fusion. When the hydrogen is nearly used up, the star
can
fuse helium into heavier elements. Elements heavier than beryllium are formed
inside the stars known as stellar nucleosynthesis.
The star formation theory suggests that stars are
formed from the collapse of the dense sections of
molecular cloud. As this cloud collapses, the
fragments shrink to form a stellar core known as
protostar. The protostar shrinks due to strong
gravitational force while its temperature increases.
When the core temperature reaches about 10 million
Kelvin, nuclear reactions start. As a result, the
contraction is stopped and gravitational equilibrium
is attained. The protostar has become a main
sequence star.
Pieces of Evidence
1.Discovery of interstellar medium. This interstellar medium filled

the "empty space" between the stars. Molecular clouds of this
medium are dense regions where the concentrations of gas and
dust are thousands of times greater than elsewhere. It has
become a reservoir from which matter like stars can be formed.
Hence, it provided a major piece of evidence which supported the
star formation theory.
Pieces of Evidence
2.Infrared Radiation (IR). This heat is emitted from different stages

of star formation and evolution. Most of the new stars cannot be
seen in the visible light because dense clouds of gas block their
light. But using infrared spectrum, it reveals the young stars
behind the column of gas and dust. Through this, IR has given us
keys to unlock the mystery of the universe and to explain how
stars are born and to trace the origin of galaxies.

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POWERPOINT

1.Discovery of interstellar medium. This interstellar medium filled

2.Infrared Radiation (IR). This heat is emitted from different stages

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