G10 Protein Synthesis

3- letter abbreviation Amino acid
Phe
Leu
Ile
Met
Val
Ser
Thr
Ala
Tyr
His
Gln
Asn
Asp
Glu
Cys
Trp
Arg
Gly
PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Objectives
At the end of the lesson you should be able
to:
● explain how protein is made using
information from DNA,
● differentiate between translation and
transcription,
● give the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and
rRNA in protein synthesis.
PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Proteins
are large complex
molecules that are
essential for normal
functioning in the cells
Amino Acids
are the building blocks
of proteins
Are molecules that
combine to form proteins
3 Groups of Amino Acid
Essential Amino Acids

Non-essential Amino
Acids
Conditional Amino Acids
Essential Amino Acids
Are those that cannot be
produced by our bodies,
which is why they should
be present in our daily
diet.
Essential Amino Acids
• Valine
• Isoleucine
• Leucine
• Lysine
• Methionine
• Phenylalanine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan
• Histidine
Non-Essential Amino Acids
Are those that

can be produced
by our bodies
Non-Essential Amino Acids
• Alanine
• Asparagine
• Aspartic acid
Conditional Amino Acids
Are not vital but
may become urgent
during health crisis
or stress
Conditional Amino Acids
• Arginine
• Glutamine
• Tyrosine
• Cysteine
• Glycine
• Proline
• Serine
• Glutamic acid
Protein Synthesis
• is a the process that takes place in
the ribosomes through which the
cells generate new proteins.
• This process involves the nucleic
acid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA RNA
Function of DNA
• is called the blueprint
of life
• primarily for the storage
of genetic information
• passed from one cell
generation to the next
Gene
• a segment or segments of DNA
molecule, which in turn, makes up
a chromosome.
• Genes control the production of
proteins- substances that
determine the traits of an
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The DNA code is
composed of long chains of
nitrogenous bases, adenine
(A), thymine (T), guanine
(G), and cytosine (C).
Function of RNA
• Converts
information
stored in DNA
to form protein
THREE TYPES OF RNA
1.Messenger RNA (mRNA)

2.Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
3.Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Messenger RNA(mRNA)
-translates the genetic
code into proteins with the
help of ribosome.
Location in the cell:

Nucleus and cytoplasm
Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
-holds tightly into the
mRNA using its
information to assemble
the amino acids in correct
order.
Transfer RNA(tRNA)
-helps in transferring amino
acids to the correct sequence
-another type of RNA floating
on the cytoplasm
cytoplasm
Nitrogenous Base Pairing
Transcription
• Before a protein can be
synthesized, the DNA
information or code must be
copied or transcribed to a type
of DNA called mRNA
(messenger RNA).
• The DNA codes that are
transcribed into mRNA are
carried as units called
codons.
Transcription
• Each codon consists of three
nitrogenous bases coding to a
particular amino acid.
Transcription
Transcription occurs in the
nucleus. After the transcription, the
resulting mRNA leaves the nucleus
and enters to the cytoplasm, the
mRNA attaches to the ribosome.
Translation
• The process of translation takes
place in the ribosome.
• During this process, the code
carried by the mRNA is
translated into a sequence of
amino acid that will form protein
Transcribe the given DNA code into mRNA
then into corresponding amino acids.
DNA: GTA- CTC- AAG- GTC-TAG
mRNA:
Amino Acid:
Transcribe the given DNA code into mRNA
then into corresponding amino acids.
DNA: TAC- AAT –GCG – TCG – ATT
mRNA:
Amino Acid:
biology
• A principle that unifies the process of replication,
transcription and translation. It expresses
indirectly the involvement of RNA molecules that
serve as intermediary molecules between DNA and
the proteins the DNA codes for.
Mutation
• is a error that occurs in one of the
genes, as when the base G in the DNA
molecule is substituted by the base A.
• A mutation can cause a cell to produce
an incorrect protein resulting in a
phenotype that is different from what
is normally expected.

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3- letter abbreviation Amino acid

Essential Amino Acids

Are those that

1.Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Location in the cell:

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