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    Bryman's Social Research Methods 6e: Chapter 11: Asking Questions

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    Bryman's Social Research Methods 6e: Chapter 11: Asking Questions

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    Yuni Df
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    Bryman's Social Research Methods 6e: Chapter 11: Asking Questions

    Uploaded by

    Yuni Df

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Bryman’s Social Research Methods 6e

    Chapter 11: Asking questions


    Question formats: Open- or closed-ended

    Open-ended

    • Respondents can reply however they wish

    Closed-ended

    • Respondents choose an appropriate


    answer from a list of fixed response
    options

    11.2 Question formats: Open- or closed-ended

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 2


    Telephone or video interviews

    Advantages

    • Respondents can answer on their own terms


    • Allows for unusual responses
    • Useful for exploring new areas
    • Useful for generating possible answers to
    closed-ended questions
    • Helpful in the inductive process of theory
    construction

    11.2 Question formats: Open- or closed-ended

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 3


    Disadvantages of open-ended questions

    Disadvantages
    • More time consuming to
    administer

    • More time consuming to respond


    to

    • Answers need to be coded

    11.2 Question formats: Open- or closed-ended

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 4


    What is coding?
    Categorizing the data and then assigning
    numbers to the categories created

    1) The categories that are generated must not overlap

    2) The list of categories must be complete and cover all possibilities

    3) There should be clear rules about how codes should be applied

    11.2 Question formats: Open- or closed-ended

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 5


    Advantages of closed-ended questions
    Advantages
    • Easy to process

    • Easier to compare answers

    • Reduces possibility of variability in


    recording of answers

    • Response options may clarify meaning


    of question

    11.2 Question formats: Open- or closed-ended

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 6


    Disadvantages of closed-ended questions

    Disadvantages
    • Loss of spontaneity in answers
    • Can be difficult to avoid overlapping categories
    • Can be difficult to make an exhaustive list of response
    categories
    • Respondents may interpret response categories differently
    • Can make it difficult to establish a rapport

    11.2 Question formats: Open- or closed-ended

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 7


    Types of questions
    Common types of questions:
    1. Personal factual questions
    2. Factual questions about others
    3. Informant factual questions
    4. Questions about attitude
    5. Questions about beliefs
    6. Questions about normative standards and values
    7. Questions about knowledge 11.3 Types of questions

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 8


    Vignette questions

    Vignette questions

    • Involves presenting respondents


    with one or more scenarios and
    then asking them how they would
    respond in those circumstances

    11.4 Vignette questions

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 9


    General rules when designing questions

    1 2 3
    Always bear in Decide exactly what Put yourself in the
    mind your research it is you want to position of the
    questions know and make respondent
    sure your question
    addresses this

    11.5 Rules for designing questions

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 10


    DOs when designing questions

    Make sure the respondent has the


    1.
    necessary knowledge

    Make sure there is symmetry between a


    2.
    closed-ended question and its answers

    Make sure the answers for a closed-ended


    3.
    question are balanced

    Consider whether to use middle


    4.
    alternatives in attitude scales

    11.5 Rules for designing questions

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 11


    DON’Ts when designing questions
    1. Avoid using ambiguous or technical terms
    2. Avoid using long questions
    3. Avoid using double barrelled questions
    4. Avoid using very general questions
    5. Avoid using leading questions
    6. Avoid asking two questions in one
    7. Avoid questions which include negatives
    8. Avoid stretching respondents’ memories too far
    9. Avoid using ‘tick all that apply’
    11.5 Rules for designing questions

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 12


    Piloting and pre-testing questions
    Reasons for conducting a pilot study:
    Generate fixed choice answers for the main study

    Gain experience and confidence in using interview schedule

    Determine whether instructions are clear and effective

    Consider how well questions flow

    Identify problematic questions

    11.6 Piloting and pre-testing questions

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 13


    Probing and prompting

    Cognitive
    interviewing
    • Used in piloting to learn how
    people mentally process and
    respond to the survey questions

    11.6 Piloting and pre-testing questions

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 14


    Using existing questions
    • Common practice in survey research

    • Questions have already been piloted

    • Known properties of reliability and validity

    • Helps you to draw comparisons with other studies

    111.7 Using existing questions

    © Oxford University Press, 2021 15

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