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Modu LE5 Substation

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MODU

SUBSTATION LE 5
INDOOR SUBSTATION
For voltages upto 11kV
Can be erected for 33kV & 66kV when surrounding atmosphere is contaminated
with impurities like metal corroding gases and fumes, conductive dust etc.
Voltage to primary side given through oil circuit breaker
Panel for each feeder consists of isolator switch & circuit breaker
Auxiliaries include i)Storage Batteries ii) Firefighting equipment
COMPARTMENTS IN INDOOR
SUBSTATION
Control
Indicating & Metering instruments and
Protective Device
Circuit breaker and Operating Mechanism
Main bus-bar
Current transformer and cable sealing box
SUBDIVISION OF INDOOR
SUBSTATION
Substation of Integrally
built Type
Substation of
Composite built Up
Type
Unit Type factory
Fabricated substations
and Metal Clad Switch
boards
1: HV SWITCHBOARD, 2: TRANSFORMER, 3: LV
SWITCHBOARD, 4: ELECTRONIC DEVICES /
CAPACITORS

 General arrangements of LV metering substations,


OUTDOOR SUBATATION
Pole Mounted
Foundation Mounted
POLE MOUNTED SUBSTATION
Erected for mounting distribution transformers of
capacity upto 250 kVA
Cheap, simple and Small
All equipment is of outdoor type and mounted on
supporting structure
TPMO switch used for switching “ON” n “OFF”
of Ht lines
Ht fuse installed for protection of ht side
Lightning Arrestors are installed to protect
against surges
Earthed at 2 or more places
Maintenance cost is also low
FOUNDATION MOUNTED
SUBSTATION
Built entirely in open
All equipment is assembled into 1
unit enclosed by a fence
Primary and Secondary transmission
and sec distribution(above 250kVA)
Equipment used can be heavy
Switch gear consists of circuit
breakers of suitable type on both
sides with increased reliability
ADVANTAGES OF OUTDOOR
SUBSTATION
All equipment is within view so fault detection is easier
Extension of installation is easier
Time required for erection is small
Smaller amount of building materials
Repairing is easy
SUBSTATION
SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS
Main Bus Bars

Reactors

Station Insulators

Switchgear

Fuses

Circuit breakers

Power Transformers

Protective Relays

Instrument Transformers

Lightning Arrestors

Indicating and Metering Instruments

Batteries

Carrier Current equipment

Control Cables

Switch Yard
MAIN BUS BAR
An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of
conductor used for collecting electric power from the
incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders

The bus bar system consists the isolator and the circuit
breaker

On the occurrence of a fault, the circuit breaker is tripped off


and the faulty section of the busbar is easily disconnected
from the circuit.
The electrical bus bar is available in rectangular, cross-
sectional, round and many other shapes

The rectangular bus bar is mostly used in the power system.


The copper and aluminium are used for the manufacturing of
the electrical bus bar.
The various types of busbar arrangement are used in the
power system. The selection of the bus bar is depended on the
different factor likes reliability, flexibility, cost etc
SINGLE BUS-BAR
ARRANGEMENT
The arrangement of such type of system is very simple and
easy.
The system has only one bus bar along with the switch.
All the substation equipment like the transformer, generator,
the feeder is connected to this bus bar only.
The advantages of single bus bar arrangements are
It has low initial cost.
It requires less maintenance
It is simple in operation
Drawbacks of single bus bar arrangements are
complete supply is disturbed on the occurrence of the fault.

The arrangement provides the less flexibility and hence used


in the small substation where continuity of supply is not
essential.
SINGLE BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT WITH
BUS SECTIONALIZED

Here, the circuit breaker and isolating


switches are used

The isolator disconnects the faulty section


of the busbar, hence protects the system
from complete shutdown

The advantages of sectionalized bus bar


The faulty section is removed without
affecting the continuity of the supply.

The maintenance of the individual section


can be done without disturbing the system
supply

The system has a current limiting reactor


which decreases the occurrence of the fault
MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS
ARRANGEMENT
Such type of arrangement uses two type of busbar
namely, main busbar and the auxiliary bus bar

The busbar arrangement uses bus coupler which


connects the isolating switches and circuit
breaker to the busbar

The bus coupler is also used for transferring the


load from one bus to another in case of
overloading

Steps for transferring one bus to another


The potential of both the bus bar kept same by
closing the bus coupler

The bus bar on which the load is transferred is


kept close

Open the main bus bar.


SECTIONALIZED DOUBLE BUS
BAR ARRANGEMENT.
In this type of bus arrangement,
the sectionalized main bus bar is
used along with the auxiliary bus
bar.

Any section of the busbar


removes from the circuit for
maintenance and it is connected
to any of the auxiliary bus bars

such type of arrangement


increases the cost of the system
REACTORS
Coil having large inductive reactance than ohmic resistance
Introduced in circuit to limit short circuit currents to a safer value.
Reactors localize fault by limiting the current that can flow into to it from
healthy pats of system
Two types namely i)Open type ii)Oil Immersed type
In open type circular coils of stranded Cu are embedded in a number of
specially shaped concrete slabs. They are simple in construction and are
robust.
Their main drawback is large space requirement, difficulty in cooling of
large coils, Limited to voltages of 33kV,Not suitable for outdoor services
Oil Immersed Type employ insulation & cooling arrangement similar to
transformers, Used for voltages above 33kV
Reactors can be located i)Series with generators ii)Series with feeders
iii)Ring system of bus bars
STATION INSULATORS
Used to fix and insulate bus bar system of substation
Can be subdivided into Post and Bushing type
Post Insulator consists of Porcelain body, Cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base
Hole in cap is threaded so that bus bar is bolted to cap directly or fixed through bus bar
clamp
Bushing /Through Insulator consists of Porcelain shell body, Upper and lower washers
used for fixing the position of bus-bar or rod in shell and mounting flange with holes
drilled for fixing bolts
STATION INSULATORS
SWITCH GEAR
Apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting electrical circuits and
equipment
Essentially concerned with switching and interrupting currents either in normal or
abnormal operating conditions
2 main parts of switchgear include switch and circuit breaker
Switch used for interrupting abnormal values of current while Circuit breakers are
used for making or breaking a circuit under normal conditions
Isolators are switches used to break the switch under no load conditions
Two forms of switch gear used:1.Air break switches 2. Oil break switches
SWITCH GEAR
Air break Switch has blade and contact equipped with
arcing horns
When a high voltage switch breaks a circuit, an arc can
establish itself between the switch contacts before
the current can be interrupted. The horns are designed to
endure the arc rather than the contact surfaces of the
switch itself
Oil Break Switches has blade and contact mounted in oil
filled tank
Switch is operated from a handle on the outside of the
case
As switch opens, oil quenches arc formed between
contacts and blades
ISOLATORS
Operate under no load conditions
Not equipped with arc quenching device
Do not have any specified current breaking or
current making capacity
Employed in addition to circuit breaker
Not to be opened carelessly while carrying a heavy
current, causes flashover to ground
In any circuit, first circuit breaker is opened ,then
isolator
While closing isolator is closed then the circuit
breaker
ISOLATORS
To prevent mal practice isolator is provided with inter lockings
i)Interlocking with circuit breakers
ii)Interlocking between three poles for simultaneous operation
iii)Load Interrupter Switches
These switches are designed and used to open and close high voltage circuits
under normal working condition
Designed for handling low energy arcs resulting from interruption of load
current
Earthing Switch is connected between line conductor and earth
Will be normally open and it is closed to discharge voltage trapped on isolated
or disconnected line
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A mechanical device designed to open or close contact
members, thus close or open an electric circuit under normal
and abnormal conditions
Designed to operate manually or by remote control under
normal and automatically under abnormal conditions
Automatic Circuit breakers are equipped with trip coil
connected to relay, designed to open or break circuit
automatically under abnormal conditions, such as over
currents
Circuit breakers are rated in max voltage, max continuous
current carrying capacity, max interrupting capacity, max
momentary and 4 second current carrying capacity
POWER TRANSFORMERS
Power transformers are used for stepping up the
voltage for transmission at generating stations
and stepping down voltage for distribution
Naturally cooled, oil immersed known as ON
type, two winding,3 phase transformers are used
for rating upto 10MVA
Transformers of rating higher than 10MVA are
usually air blast cooling
Power transformers are usually operated at
approx. Full load at max efficiency
POWER TRANSFORMERS
Transformer Spec includes
KVA Rating
Rated Voltage
No. of phases
Rated frequency
Connections(Star or Delta)
Tappings
Type of Core(Shell or Core)
Type(Power or Distribution)
Ambient temperature
Type of Cooling(Oil or water or
air cooled)
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Interposed between main circuit and circuit
breaker in such that any abnormality in
circuit acts on relay which in turn causes
breaker to open and isolate faulty element

Sensing Comparis Control


Element ion Element
Element
To
Tri
p
INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMERS
Provides insulation against HV of Power circuit and protect apparatus
To supply protective relays with current and voltage of magnitude proportional to
power circuit but reduced magnitude so relays can be small and cheap
Current and Potential Transformers
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
Potential transformers are instrument
transformers.
They have a large number of primary turns and a
few number of secondary turns
It converts voltages from high to low.
It will take the thousands of volts behind power
transmission systems and step the voltage down
to something that meters can handle. 
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Used for measurement, detection,
protection of the system
Used extensively for measuring current
and monitoring the operation of the power
grid.
LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
Discharge the over voltage surges to earth
Protect the equipment insulation from
switching surges and lightning surges.
It located at the starting of the substation as
seen from incoming transmission lines
First equipment of the substation
INDICATING AND METERING
INSTRUMENTS
Ammeters,
Voltmeters,
Wattmeter,
kWh meters,
kVARh meters,
Reactive Volt-Ampere meters
Power factor meters
BATTERIES
Operating and automatic control circuits ,Protective relay circuits ,Emergency
Lighting Circuits
Assembled of certain number of Accumulator cells depending on operating voltage
of respective DC circuits
Two types-Lead or Alkaline
Lead acid batteries are most commonly used in power stations and sub stations
because of their higher cell voltage and low cost
CARRIER CURRENT
EQUIPMENT, CONTROL
CABLES, SWITCH YARD
Carrier current Equipment is installed in substation for communication ,relaying,
telemetering or Supervisory control
Suitably mounted in a carrier room and connected to high voltage power circuit
Control Cables and Conduit system are required for affecting automatic control
Control system operates at 240V and cables required for this purpose are multi
cables
SWITCH YARD
Houses transformers, circuit breakers and
switches for disconnecting and connecting
transformers and circuit breakers
Also has lightning Arrestors for protection
SUBSTATION EARTHING
Parts of earthing system includes entire solid metallic conductor system between
different earthed points and underground earth mat
Earthing mat is a number of rods when joined together through copper conductors
Reduces overall grounding resistance
Laid near ground surface

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