WIND ENERGY

PRESENTED BY:
SAHIT DEVGAN (307/20)
SHIFALI SHARMA (308/20)
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
• Wind energy is a source of renewable energy. It does not contaminate,
it is inexhaustible and reduces the use of fossil fuels, which are the
origin of greenhouse gasses that cause global warming.
• In addition, wind energy is a “native” energy, because it is available
practically everywhere on the plant, which contributes to reducing
energy imports and to creating wealth and local employment.
• For these reasons, producing electricity through wind energy and its
efficient use contributes to sustainable development.
 HISTORY OF WIND ENERGY
• Wind-powered machines used to grind grain and pump water. The windmill and wind
pump, were developed in what is now Iran, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan by the 9th
century.
• By 1000AD windmills are used for pumping seawater to make salt in China and Sicily.
• The First Windmill used for the production of electric power was built in Scotland in
July 1887 by Prof James Blyth.
• By 2000 Global Wind Power Capacity reaches 17,400 MWs.
• In 2009 first floating off-shore wind turbine was installed in Norway, by Statoil. The
2.3 MW wind turbine was designed by Siemens and more of these wind turbines were
planned to be installed in the North Sea.
• Wind power generation capacity in India has significantly increased in recent years.
 TYPES OF WIND MACHINES
• A wind turbine is a machine that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electricity. The blades
of a wind turbine turn between 13 and 20 revolutions per minute, depending on their technology,
at a constant or variable velocity, where the velocity of the rotor varies in relation to the velocity
of the wind in order to reach a greater efficiency.
• Wind turbines are in use worldwide to generate clean electricity using the power of the wind.
Over the years, a few different wind turbine designs have emerged, ranging from substantial
industrial units to smaller systems for residential use.
• In general there are two main types of turbines:
1. Horizontal axis wind turbines
2. Vertical axis wind turbines
• Other types of wind turbines are Diffuser-augmented, multi-rotor, and Co-axial wind turbines,
among others.
 HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINES
• Horizontal-axis wind turbine is the most used type of turbine. Its components include a shaft, generator, and blades.
• The blades are made facing the wind. The blades are hit by the wind causing the shaft to rotate.
• The generator is turned on by a gear connected to the shaft, and the production of electricity starts and is sent to
the power grid.
• In the Nacelle, also known as the head, there is a wind vane, an anemometer, and a controller that reads the speed
and direction of the wind.
• In case of a change in the winding course, a motor turns the Nacelle to ensure the blades face the wind.
• In extreme winds, there is a break on the turbine to slow the speed of the shaft. The brake prevents the turbines
from damage in severe conditions.
• Single turbines can produce around 2,5MW-3MW, around 6 million kWh per year, and a 3,6MW turbine could
comfortably double that output.
• The Horizontal-axis wind turbine can be further divided in two basic types:
1. Multiblade rotor
2. Propeller rotor
 1. MULTIBLADE ROTOR
• The multiblade rotor is fabricated from curved sheet metal blades.
• The width of the blades increases outwards from the center.
• Blades are fixed at inner ends on a circular rim. They are also welded near outer
edge to provide support.
• The number of blades used are from 12 to 18.
• As these windmills are supposed to be installed at remote places, mostly as single
units, reliability, sturdiness, and low cost are the prime criteria and not efficiency.
 2. PROPELLER ROTOR
• These comprises 2 or 3 blades made from strong but light weight material such as fiber glass
reinforced plastic.
• The diameter of rotor ranges from 2m to 25m.
• They depend mainly on the aerodynamic forces that develop when wind flows around a blade of
airfoil design. 
• Most wind turbines are made up of rotor-mounted blades that resemble airplane propellers.
• When air blows through them, they cause the rotor to turn a shaft that powers an electrical
generator.
• Most turbines automatically shut down when wind speeds reach about 88.5 kilometers per hour
(55 miles per hour) to prevent mechanical damage.
 VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES
• As the name implies, these wind turbines operate with the rotor mounted vertically,
and as such, they don’t need to be pointed toward the wind to be functional.
• The VAWT can also have the generator and gearbox mounted closer to the ground
for easier maintenance access.
• The main issue with VAWT’s is that they are less efficient than their horizontal
counterparts as they produce higher torque with lower rotational speeds, which
requires a more expensive drive train.
• The Horizontal-axis wind turbine can be further divided in two basic types:
1. The savonius rotor
2. The darrieus rotor
3. Giromill
 1. SAVONIUS ROTOR
• These have a spiral ‘S-shaped turbine and operate similarly to a cup
anemometer. The spirals capture the wind, and this causes them to spin on
their axis.
• The two parts are attached to the two opposite sides of a vertical shaft. As
the wind blowing into the structure meets with two dissimilar surfaces – one
convex and the other concave – the forces exerted on the two surfaces are
different, which gives the rotor a torque.
• The vertical spiral motion is not as effective as the HAWT, but they are more
compact and are ideally suited for smaller installations where the sheer size
of the HAWT would be prohibitive.
• They only utilize around 10%-17% of the available kinetic energy.
 2. DARRIEUS ROTOR
• Designed in 1931, it is the most well-known VAWT system. It is an AC system rather than DC and
because of its low torque requires an external power source to get going.
• It comprises two or three ‘C’ shaped blades that capture the wind. Like the flapping panel and
other VAWT designs, they can utilize the wind no matter the wind direction.
• This turbine drags around using the lift forces generated through the aerofoils to produce a
revolution of the rotor. A small motor is used to produce the initial torque, and then it can be
used to drive the rotor in the wind direction.
• The Darrieus is more efficient than the Savonius system delivering around 30%-40% efficiency.
While this is not as efficient as the HAWT system at 40%-50%, it outperforms the Savonius VAWT
considerably.
• Still, its biggest drawback is that it lacks efficiency, is difficult to start compared to the Savonius
system, and suffers from component wear and tear.
 3. GIROMILL VERTICAL TURBINE
• Like the Darrieus design, the Giromill uses straight vertical blades horizontally
attached to the tower. This is also known as the ‘H-Bar- or H-Rotor model.
• The main difference between the Giromill and Darrieus design is that Darrieus
uses fixed blades. In contrast, the Giromill uses blades that vary their angle as
they rotate, controlled by a manual or electronic pitch linkage.
• It uses lift energy generated by the vertical airfoils to produce rotation of the
blades and generate the electricity from the turbine.
• These systems are easy to make and inexpensive, and they do well in turbulent
wind conditions, but they cannot match the power output efficiency of the
HAWTs.
 PERFORMANCE OF WIND MACHINES
• WECS is a capital intensive technology, it is desirable for the overall wind electric plant to have the
highest efficiency possible, thus optimally utilizing capital resources and minimizing the busbar
electric energy cost.
•  The coefficient of performance (Cp) of an aeroturbine is the fraction of power in the wind
through the swept area which is converted into useful mechanical shaft power. The coefficient of
performance is widely utilized throughout the recent wind research. The Cp for horizontal axis
wind machine has theoretical maximum value = 0.593.
• The theoretical maximum efficiency of a turbine is ~59%, also known as the Betz Limit. Most
turbines extract ~50% of the energy from the wind that passes through the rotor area.
•  The convertible power of energy is proportional to the cube of the wind speed. Thus if the wind
speed decreases by 20%, the power output is reduced by almost 50%.
• The efficiency of a wind generator depends on the design of an wind rotor and rotational speed,
expressed as the ratio of blade tip speed to wind speed i.e., VT/V known as TSR – Tip Speed Ratio.
• The dependence of the power coefficient on the tip speed ratio (TSR) for some
common rotor types is indicated in Figure.
• It is seen that the two-bladed propeller type of rotor can attain a much higher
power coefficient (i.e., it is more efficient) than the American multi-blade wind
mill and the classical Dutch four-bladed windmill. In practice two-bladed
propeller (horizontal axis) rotor are found to attain a maximum power coefficient
of 0.40 to 0.45 at a tip speed ratio in the range a roughly 6 to 10.
WAYS TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF
WIND MACHINE
1. Wind turbine improvement: wind turbine design should be focused largely on optimized blade
shapes, lighter-weight, flexible, durable, materials and the addition of intelligent control and monitoring
systems. 
2. Adjusting to wind variability:  Wind velocity can change without warning, as can the direction of the
wind. That means blades and rotor RPM must be able to adjust accordingly to adapt to wind speed.
3. Proper maintenance: Advances in sensors and analytics allow for predictive and preventative
maintenance strategies to reduce unplanned outages.
4. Minimizing environmental impacts: Although wind energy is seen as environmentally friendly, it
has been criticized for its detrimental effect on wildlife. It’s been estimated that between 140,000 and
500,000 bird deaths occur at wind farms each year. Another environmental concern relative to wind
turbines is noise pollution.
5. Overcoming energy storage issues: Energy storage remains a key challenge, as the greatest
potential for wind energy occurs at night when demand for electricity is typically lower. Battery
technologies have evolved a lot but do not fully solve the problem of long-term storage.
 WIND ENERGY STORAGE
• Wind power is a form of energy that uses wind power to generate electricity. It is
achieved through a wind turbine generator. These generators transform airflow into
power through a system of rotor blades and other mechanical and electrical
components.
• Wind farms typically distribute the power directly to the electrical grid. When more
energy is produced than is needed, turbine speeds are slowed to sub-optimal levels
without energy storage.
• Wind power is a form of energy that uses wind power to generate electricity. It is
achieved through a wind turbine generator. These generators transform airflow into
power through a system of rotor blades and other mechanical and electrical
components.
• Let’s look at the options available for storage.
 1. BATTERY STORAGE
• There are three important types of large-scale Battery Energy Storage. Lead-acid
(LA), nickel-cadmium (NiCd), sodium-sulphur (NaS).
• They work identical to traditional batteries, except on a large scale, i.e., two
electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte, which allows a chemical reaction to
generate current when required.
• Even when the wind is not blowing, the batteries enable the storage of wind
energy for later usage when there is a need or when the electrical system calls for
it, but the wind is not that strong.
• powered energy storage are helpful for large-scale applications in advanced
economies and domestic use on sparsely linked grids, such as those on islands.
 2. Compressed Air Energy Storage
• Air compressed by wind turbines can be kept in enormous above-ground tanks or
underground tunnels. Direct expansion into a compact air motor is one way to utilize
compressed air as needed. Additionally, it can be pumped into an internal combustion
turbine and burned along with fuel to provide mechanical energy that powers a
generator. 
• CAES uses off-peak electrical energy extracted from the grid to pre-compress the air
and store it in a large storage tank. 
• When the gas turbine generates electricity during peak hours, compressed air is
released from the storage and used in the gas turbine cycle. Thus, cheap electricity is
used instead of expensive gas, which saves money in the long run.
• Large-scale storage is accomplished with CAES. Plants typically can go from 0% to
100% in less than 10 minutes. Because of this, it is perfect for serving as a sizable sink
for bulk energy supply and demand. It can also handle repeated start-ups and
shutdowns.
 3. HYDROGEN FUEL CELL STORAGE

• Additional power can be stored using hydrogen fuel cells. The energy produced
by the wind turbine is used to electrolyze water using a hydrogen generator. The
resulting hydrogen is then stored, and a fuel cell power system transforms it back
into electricity when needed.
• For future use, the hydrogen is preserved while the oxygen is released into the
environment. Because of the high cost, only a small portion of the hydrogen
generation comes through electrolysis. The best choice for future production is
combining electrolyser units with renewable energy sources like wind.
 APPLICATIONS OF WIND ENERGY
In India, the wind power is of great significance as there are large coastal, hill, and
desert where wind energy can be carefully exploited for generation of electricity
and water pumping. Wind energy may be converted into mechanical and electrical
energies. 
1. The wind energy is used to propel the sailboats in river and seas to transport
men and materials from one place to another.
2. Wind energy is used to run pumps to draw water from the grounds through
wind mills.
3. Wind energy has also been used to run flourmills to grind the grains like wheat
and corn into flour.
4. Now-a-days wind energy is being used to generate electricity.