SAMPLING AND

SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
CHAPTER 3
STAT I ST I C S & PROBABILITY
Lesson 1:
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Lesson 2:
Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling
Distribution of Means

Lesson 3:
Solving Problems Involving Sampling
Distribution of the Sample Means
LESSON 1
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
OF SAMPLE
MEANS
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected
to:
1. Illustrate random sampling
2. Distinguish between parameter and
statistic
3. Construct sampling distribution of
sample means
 Definition of Terms
Population- it is a complete collection of all
elements to be studied.
Census- It is a collection of data from every
element in a population
Sample- It is a sub-collection of elements
drawn from a population.
SAMPLING
Researchers use sampling if taking a
census of the entire population is
impractical.
Data from the sample are used to
calculate statistic, which are estimates of
the corresponding population
parameters.
SAMPLING
The mean of the sample drawn
from the population is used as a
statistic or an estimate for the
population mean.
RANDOM SAMPLING
- It is considered as a fair way of
selecting a sample from a given
population since every member is
given equal opportunities of being
selected.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLE

- It is a sample that is chosen so

that it is easy for the researcher.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE

- The population is divided into

subgroups, so that each population
member is in only one subgroup. In
here, individuals are chosen
randomly from each subgroup.
 CLUSTER SAMPLE
- It is a sample that consists of
items in a group such as the
neighborhood or a household. The
group may be chosen at random.
 SYSTEMATIC SAMPLE
- It is obtained using an
ordered list of the population,
thus selecting members
systematically from the list.
 EXAMPLE
A mathematics teacher plans to
choose four students from the math
club to be in a publicity photo. How
could the teacher choose four
students?
 The Math teacher could put the
names of all students in a box, mix
the names without looking.
RANDOM
SAMPLE
The Math teacher could
choose the four students in
the fourth row.
CONVENIENCE
SAMPLE
The teacher could mix the names
of the boys and choose two from
the group. The teacher does the
same for the girls.
 STRATIFIED
RANDOM SAMPLE
The Math teacher could choose a
group of four students in the
corner of the last row.
CLUSTER
SAMPLE
The Math teacher could choose
every third student, beginning in
the front row and count from
right to left.
SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLE
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
• STATISTIC
-describes a sample.
• PARAMETER
- describes an entire
population.
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
You randomly poll voters in
an election. You find that 55%
of the population plans to vote
for candidate A.
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
You randomly poll voters in
an election. You findCthat 55%
T I
T I S
of the population plans to vote
T A
for candidate
S A.
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
You ask all classes of eleventh
graders of a certain school
who likes Mathematics. 60%
raise their hands.
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
You ask a class of eleventh
E R
graders of a certain school
E T
A M
who likes Mathematics. 60%
Rhands.
raise their
A
P
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
10% of the PH senators voted
for a particular measure.
There are only 24 senators,
you can count every single one
of them voted.
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
10% of the PH senators voted
E R
for a particular measure.
E T
There are only
A M 24 senators,
A R
you can count every single one
P
of them voted.
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
40% of 1,211 students at a particular
elementary school got below a 3 on a
standardized test. You know this
because you have each and every
students’ test score.
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER
40% of 1,211 students at a particular
R
elementary school got below a 3 on a
E
E T
standardized test. You know this
AM
because you have each and every
AR
students’ test score.
P
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER

45% of the Jacksonville,

Florida residents report
that they have been to at
least one Jaguars game.
STATISTIC OR PARAMETER

45% of the Jacksonville,

IC
Florida residents report
T
TI
that they have S
been to at
T A
S Jaguars game.
least one
EXAMPLE:
A population consists of the
numbers 2, 4, 9, 10 and 5. List all
possible samples of size 3 from
this population and compute the
mean of each sample.
 2, 4, 9, 5, 10
SAMPLE MEAN SAMPLE MEAN
2, 4, 9 5.00 2, 10, 5 5.67
2, 4, 10 5.33 4, 9, 10 7.67
2, 4, 5 3.67 4, 9, 5 6.00
2, 9, 10 7.00 4, 10, 5 6.33
2, 9, 5 5.33 9, 10, 5 8.00
EXAMPLE:
The number of sample size n that
can be drawn from a population
of size N is given by NCn.
N Cn =
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF SAMPLE MEANS
It is a frequency distribution
using the means computed from
all possible random samples of a
specific size taken from a
population.
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF SAMPLE MEANS
The sample mean vary from sample
to sample. Thus, the sample mean is
a random variable, which depends
on a particular sample.
SAMPLE MEAN FREQUENCY PROBABILITY
P(X)
3.67 1 1/10 = 0.10
5.00 1 1/10 = 0.10
5.33 2 2/10 = 0.20
5.67 1 1/10 = 0.10
6.00 1 1/10 = 0.10
6.33 1 1/10 = 0.10
7.00 1 1/10 = 0.10
7.67 1 1/10 = 0.10
8.00 1 1/10 = 0.10
TOTAL N = 10 1.00
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF SAMPLE MEANS
The means of the samples are less than
or greater than the mean of the
population. The difference between the
sample mean and the population mean is
called the sampling error. It is the error
due to sampling.
 ACTIVITY
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6,
8, and 11. Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population.
a. List all the possible samples and its
corresponding mean.
b. Construct the smapling distribution of the
sample means
LESSON 2

FINDING THE MEAN AND

VARIANCE OF THE
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
OF MEANS
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Find the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means
2. Define the sampling distribution of the sample
mean for normal population when the variance
is: (a) known (b) unknown
POPULATION
POPULATION MEAN

POPULATION VARIANCE
 Example
Consider a population
consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
What is the mean and
variance of the population?
 Solution
POPULATION MEAN

The mean of the population is 3.00.

 Solution
POPULATION VARIANCE
X
1 -2 4 𝝈
𝟐
=
∑ ( 𝑿 − 𝝁) 𝟐

=
𝟏𝟎
=𝟐
2 -1 1
𝑵 𝟓
3 0 0
4 1 1 The population variance is
5 2 4 equal to 2.
 Example
Consider a population consisting of 1,
2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size
2 are drawn from this population.
What is the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample
means?
 Solution
Determine the number of possible
samples of size 2.
NCn =
5C2

There are 10 possible samples of size 2 that

can be drawn.
 Solution Samples Mean
List all possible 1, 2 1.50
1, 3 2.00
samples and their
1, 4 2.50
corresponding
1, 5 3.00
probabilities. 2, 3 2.50
2, 4 3.00
2, 5 3.50
3, 4 3.50
3, 5 4.00
4, 5 4.50
 Solution
Construct the Sample Mean Frequency Probability
X P(x)
sampling
1.50 1 1/10
distribution of 2.00 1 1/10
the sample 2.50 2 2/10
means. 3.00 2 2/10
3.50 2 2/10
4.00 1 1/10
4.50 1 1/10
Total 10 1.00
 Compute for the mean and variance
Solution of the sampling distribution.

X P(X)

1.50 1/10 0.15 -1.50 2.25 0.225

2.00 1/10 0.20 -1.00 1 0.1
2.50 2/10 0.50 -0.50 0.25 0.05
3.00 2/10 0.60 0.00 0 0
3.50 2/10 0.70 0.50 0.25 0.05
4.00 1/10 0.40 1.00 1 0.1
4.50 1/10 0.45 1.50 2.25 0.225
 Properties of Sampling
Distribution of Sample Mean
If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a
population of size N with mean and variance , then
the sampling distribution of the sample means has the
following properties:
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the
sample means is always equal to the mean of the
population.
Properties of Sampling Distribution
of Sample Mean
2. The variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means is
given by:
for finite population; and
for infinite population
 Properties of Sampling
Distribution of Sample Mean
FINITE POPULATION
 consists of a finite of fixed number of
elements, measurements or observations.
INFINITE POPULATION
- contains hypothetically at least, infinitely
elements.
 Properties of Sampling
Distribution of Sample Mean
3. The standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample means is given by:
for finite population
for infinite population
 Properties of Sampling
Distribution of Sample Mean
FINITE POPULATION
CORRECTION FACTOR

In general, when the population is large and the

sample size is small, the correction factor is not
used since it will be very close to 1.
 Example
Consider a population consisting of 1,
2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size
2 are drawn from this population.
What is the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample
means?
 Solution
POPULATION MEAN

The mean of the population is 3.00.

 Solution
POPULATION VARIANCE
X
1 -2 4 𝝈
𝟐
=
∑ ( 𝑿 − 𝝁) 𝟐

=
𝟏𝟎
=𝟐
2 -1 1
𝑵 𝟓
3 0 0
4 1 1 The population variance is
5 2 4 equal to 2.
Solution

The variance of the

sampling distribution is
equal to 0.75.
 Sample Mean of Finite Population

Consider a population consisting of 1,

2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size
3 are drawn from this population.
What is the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample
means?
 Standard Deviation of the
Sample Means
The standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the sample means is also
known as the standard error of the mean.
It measures the degree of accuracy of the
sample mean as an estimate of the
population mean .
 Good vs Poor Estimates
A good estimate of the mean is
obtained if the standard error of the
mean is small or close to zero, while a
poor estimate, if the standard error of
the mean is large.
 Central Limit Theorem
If we want to get a good estimate of the
population mean, we have to make n
sufficiently large. This fact is stated as a
theorem, which is known as the Central
Limit Theorem.
INFINITE POPULATION
Example 1:
A population has a mean of 60 and a
standard deviation of 5. A random sample of
16 measurements is drawn from this
population. Describe the sampling
distribution of the sample means by
computing its mean and standard deviation.
 Solution
Given:
, , and
Compute for the mean:

Compute for the standard deviation:

INFINITE POPULATION
Example 2:
The heights of the male college students are
normally distributed with mean of 68 inches and a
standard deviation of 3 inches. If 80 samples
consisting of 25 students each are drawn from the
population, what would be the expected mean and
standard deviation of the resulting sampling
distribution of the means?
 Solution
Given:
, , and
Compute for the mean:

Compute for the standard deviation:

ACTIVITY
 A. Consider the population below.
 5 6 8 10 12 13
 1. Compute the mean and the standard deviation of the population.
 2. How many samples of size 5 can be generated from the given population?
 3. Compute for the means of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
 4. Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
 B. The scores of individual students on a national test have a normal distribution with mean
18.6 and standard deviation 5.9. At Federico Ramos Rural High School, 76 students took the
test. If the scores at this school have the same distribution as national scores, what are the
mean and standard deviation of the sample mean for 76 students?
LESSON 3
SOLVING PROBLEMS
INVOLVING SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF THE
SAMPLE MEANS
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you are expected
to:
1. Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem
2. Solve problems involving sampling
distribution of the sample means
 RECALL
The average time it takes a group of college
students to complete a certain examination is 46.2
minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes.
What is the probability that a randomly selected
college students will complete the examination in
less than 43 minutes?
 Central Limit Theorem
This theorem applies automatically to sampling
from infinite population. It also assures us that
no matter what the shape of the population
distribution of the mean is, the sampling
distribution of the sample means is closely
normally distributed whenever n is large.
As n increases, the shape of the
sampling distribution of the
sample means becomes
wider and more normal.
Central Limit Theorem

where = sample mean

= population mean
= population standard deviation
n = sample size
 Z-scores
z-score for individual scores

z-score for sample means

 Example
The average time it takes a group of
college students to complete a certain
examination is 46.2 minutes. The
standard deviation is 8 minutes. If 50
randomly selected college students take
the examination, what is the probability
that the mean time it takes the group to
complete the test will be less than 43
minutes?
 Example
Does it seem reasonable that a college
student would finish the examination in
less than 43 minutes?

Does it seem reasonable that the mean of

the 50 college students could be less than
43 minutes?
 Example
Does it seem reasonable that a college
student would finish the examination in
less than 43 minutes?
- YES
Does it seem reasonable that the mean of
the 50 college students could be less than
43 minutes?
- NO, it is very unlikely
 Example
The average number of milligrams (mg) of
cholesterol in a cup of certain brand of ice
cream is 660 mg, and the standard
deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is
normally distributed.
a. If a cup of ice cream is selected, what is
the probability that the cholesterol
content will be more than 670 mg?
 Example
b. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is
selected, what is the probability that the
mean of the sample will be larger than
670 mg?

c. Why is the probability in part A larger

than part B?
 Activity
A manufacturer of light bulbs
produces light bulbs that last a mean
of 950 hours with standard deviation
of 120 hours. What is the probability
that the mean lifetime of a random
sample of 10 of these bulbs is less
than 900 hours?