CH 2

Chapter Two: Digital image fundamentals
Basic concept of image
• The digital image processing deals with developing a digital system that
performs operations on a digital image.
• An image is nothing more than a two dimensional signal.
• It is defined by the mathematical function f(x,y).

• The field of image digital image processing refers to the processing of digital
image by means of a digital computer.
• A digital image described in a 2D discrete space.
• A digital image is composed of a finite number of elements
Basic concept of image
There are three types of computerized processes in the processing of image
1. Low level process: like to reduce noise, contrast enhancement and image
sharpening.
2. Mid-level image processing: like segmentation, description of those objects to
reduce them to a form suitable for computer processing, and classification of
individual objects.
3. High level processing: It involves “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized

objects
Digital image Representation
• A digital image is represented in the imaging and computer system by numbers
in the form of binary digits, called bits.
• Here we see the general structure of a digital image.
• First, it is divided into a matrix of pixels.
• Then, each pixel is represented a series of bits.
• We will soon discover the issues that affect the number of pixels in an image
and the number of bits per pixel, the so-called pixel bit depth.
Digital image Representation
• Before we go into how computer systems write numbers, let's review how we,
as humans, write numbers.
• We can write ten different digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9, .
• When we write larger numbers (more than one digit) the position of a digit
within the number has a certain value, 1, 10, 100, 1000 etc as shown here.
• The value of a number we have written is just the sum of the values represented
by each digit position.
• In this example, 8000 + 500 + 30 + 4 =8,534.
Comparing Human and Computer Digits
• Digital imaging systems and computers can only write two different digits.
• They write numbers by filling in spaces (in the computer memory, on disk, etc).
• Therefore, each digit space can have only two possible
• When digital systems write numbers, they do it as a series of digits (like

humans) but the digit positions have different values.
• Remember our human digit positions have values: 1, 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Comparing Human and Computer Digits
• The binary (computer) digit positions have values: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.
• The value of a multiple-digit number is just the sum of the values of the marked
digits as we see here.
Pixel Bit Depth
• The pixel bit depth is the number of bits that have been made available in the
digital system,
• To represent each pixel in the image.
• This is smaller than would be used in any actual medical image because with
four bits, a pixel would be limited to having only 16 different values (brightness
levels or shades of gray).
• When the pixel bit depth is increased to eight bits, a pixel can then have 256
different values (brightness levels, shades of gray, etc).
•
The Effect of Bit Depth on the Image.
• Here we compare three images, displayed with different bit depths and possible
brightness levels.
• The first image is displayed with only one bit per pixel. A pixel can have only
two possible values, BLACK or WHITE.
• The second image, with four bits per pixel, is limited to 16 different brightness
levels (shades of gray)
• The third image, with eight bits per pixel, can display 256 different brightness
levels. This is generally adequate for human viewing.
•
Pixel Size and Digital Image Detail
• When an image is in digital form, it is actually blurred by the size of the pixel.
• This is because all anatomical detail within an individual pixel is "blurred

together" and represented by one number.
• An image with small pixels (less blurring) displays much more detail than an
image made up of larger pixels.
•
Image representation
• There are four main types of image representation:
Binary image
• A binary image is formed by only two colors, usually black or white.
• Each pixel of a binary image takes 1-bit of memory, i.e., the information about
the image is stored in 1-Bit.
• The two colors are represented by 1 or 0. This type of image is known as a
monochrome image.
8-bit color format
• In 8-bit color format images, the information of a pixel is stored in 8-bits (1-byte).
• Each pixel can have 28 or 256 different values, from 0 to 255.
• There can be 256 different colors in an 8-bit image represented by each integer.
• 8-bit grayscale images are commonly used.
• A grayscale image is formed by the pixels having integral values from 0 to 255.
• Zero represents black and 255 represents white.
• All the other numbers represent different tones of grey.

16 Bit Color Format
• Like the 8-bit images, 16-bit images have 216 or 65,536 different values.
• This allows us to store a lot of information and get more precise colors.
Understanding RGB image format

• We can have different 8-bit or 16-bit channels overlapped with each other to
get colorful images.
• The famous RGB image format uses three channels of Red, Green, and Blue to
get the color of a pixel.
Digital image acquisition process
• In the present scenario, images became the foremost suitable way to keep our
past alive.
• Images have touched most the fields like medical, sports, social networking,
and lots of more.
• How the pictures are being captured and stored in memory.
• To handle images and before analyzing them the foremost important thing is to
capture the image.
• This is often called Image Acquisition.
• Image Acquisition is reached by relevant cameras.
• We use different cameras for various applications.

• If we'd like an X-Ray image, we use a camera (film) that's sensitive to X-Rays.
• If we would like an Infra-Red image, we use cameras that are sensitive to Infra-
Red radiations.
• For standard images (family photographs etc.) we use cameras that are sensitive
to the visible color.
• There are any advanced techniques of image acquisition.
• Three dimensional (3D) image acquisitions is one among these methods

• The image acquisition process consists of three steps;
– Energy reflected from the thing of interest,
– An optical system that focuses the energy, and
– Eventually a sensor that measures the quantity of energy
• The images are created by a mixture of a lighting source & the reflection or
absorption of the energy by the elements of the view being imaged.
• Lighting could also be introduced by radar, X-ray energy source, infrared energy
source, ultrasound energy source, computer-generated energy pattern, etc.
• To sense the image, we use a sensor that is sensitive to illumination.
• The method of image sensors is named image acquisition.
Image sampling and quantization
Image sampling and quantization
• In order to become suitable for digital processing, an image function f(x,y) must be
digitized both spatially and in amplitude.
• Digitizer is used to sample and quantize the analogue video signal
• In order to create an image which is digital, we need to covert continuous data into
digital form.
• There are two steps in which it is done:
– Sampling: digitalization of coordinate value
– Quantization: digitalization of amplitude value
Image format
• Image Format describes how data related to the image will be stored.

• Data can be stored in compressed, Uncompressed or vector format.
• Each format of the image have a different advantage and
disadvantage.
• The most popular image storing formats include: BMP, JPG/JPEG,
GIF, TIF/TIFF, PNG etc
• The image formats also influence storage requirements of image.
• If storage space is scarce, images should be compressed in a suitable
way.
• If sufficient memory available, the image can be stored
uncompressed.
Image format
• BMP (Bit Map) format does not compress the original image.
• GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) type images are compressed to
more than 99% of their original size with no loss in image quality.
• It supports up to 256 colors.
• JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
• The most common file type you run across on the web and
• Became an ISO international standard for compression of images.
• JPEGs are known for their "lossy" compression
• The quality of the image decreases as the file size decreases.

Image format
• It applies to color and gray-scaled images.

• You can use JPEGs for projects on the web, in Microsoft Office
documents, or for projects that require printing at a high resolution.
• Paying attention to the resolution and file size with JPEGs is
essential in order to produce a nice-looking project.
• PNG - Portable Network Graphics:
• PNGs are amazing for interactive documents such as web pages but
are not suitable for print.
• While PNGs are "lossless," meaning you can edit them and not lose
quality
• They are still low resolution.
Image format
• TIFF - Tagged Image File:

• A TIF is a large raster file that doesn't lose quality.
• This file type is known for using "lossless compression,"
• TIFF files are also commonly used when saving photographs for
print.
• Why we have a number of file formats for image?
• Which file format is good for image capturing using our digital
camera, mobile phone?

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Chapter Two: Digital image fundamentals

Basic concept of image

• It is defined by the mathematical function f(x,y).

3. High level processing: It involves “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized

• When digital systems write numbers, they do it as a series of digits (like

• This is because all anatomical detail within an individual pixel is "blurred

• 8-bit grayscale images are commonly used.

• Zero represents black and 255 represents white.

• All the other numbers represent different tones of grey.

Understanding RGB image format

and lots of more.

• How the pictures are being captured and stored in memory.

capture the image.

• This is often called Image Acquisition.

• Image Acquisition is reached by relevant cameras.

• We use different cameras for various applications.

to the visible color.

• There are any advanced techniques of image acquisition.

• Three dimensional (3D) image acquisitions is one among these methods

• Image Format describes how data related to the image will be stored.

• The quality of the image decreases as the file size decreases.

• It applies to color and gray-scaled images.

• TIFF - Tagged Image File:

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