Morphology is the study of how words are formed and their internal structure. It deals with the smallest units of meaning called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Words are made up of morphemes through processes like inflection and derivation. Inflection involves changing word endings to indicate things like tense, number, case. Derivation involves adding affixes like prefixes and suffixes to change a word's meaning or part of speech. Languages vary in their degree of morphological complexity. English has a moderate level while some Native American languages have very rich morphology.
Morphology is the study of how words are formed and their internal structure. It deals with the smallest units of meaning called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Words are made up of morphemes through processes like inflection and derivation. Inflection involves changing word endings to indicate things like tense, number, case. Derivation involves adding affixes like prefixes and suffixes to change a word's meaning or part of speech. Languages vary in their degree of morphological complexity. English has a moderate level while some Native American languages have very rich morphology.
Morphology is the study of how words are formed and their internal structure. It deals with the smallest units of meaning called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Words are made up of morphemes through processes like inflection and derivation. Inflection involves changing word endings to indicate things like tense, number, case. Derivation involves adding affixes like prefixes and suffixes to change a word's meaning or part of speech. Languages vary in their degree of morphological complexity. English has a moderate level while some Native American languages have very rich morphology.
Morphology is the study of how words are formed and their internal structure. It deals with the smallest units of meaning called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Words are made up of morphemes through processes like inflection and derivation. Inflection involves changing word endings to indicate things like tense, number, case. Derivation involves adding affixes like prefixes and suffixes to change a word's meaning or part of speech. Languages vary in their degree of morphological complexity. English has a moderate level while some Native American languages have very rich morphology.
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MORPHOLOGY
THE WORDS OF LANGUAGE
PRESENTED BY ARRIANE R. OLGADO WHAT'S MORPHOLOGY? Morphology, in linguistics, study of the internal construction of words. Languages vary widely in the degree to which words can be analyzed into word elements, or morphemes (the building blocks of morphology).
The term morphology is Greek and is a makeup of morph- meaning
‘shape, form’, and -ology which means ‘the study of something’. Morphology as a sub-discipline of linguistics was named for the first time in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher who used the term for the study of the form of words. WHAT'S MORPHOLOGY? The grammatical description of many, if not all, languages is conveniently divided into two complementary sections: morphology and syntax. The relationship between them, as generally stated, is as follows: morphology accounts for the internal structure of words, and syntax describes how words are combined to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. It deals with morphemes (the minimal units of linguistic form and meaning), and how they make up words. WHAT'S MORPHOLOGY?
In English there are numerous examples, such as “replacement,”
which is composed of re-, “place,” and -ment, and “walked,” from the elements “walk” and -ed. Many American Indian Languages have a highly complex morphology; other languages, such as Vietnamese or Chinese, have very little or none. Morphology includes the grammatical processes of inflection and derivation. WHAT'S MORPHOLOGY? Grammatical processes of Inflection Inflection, formerly flection or accidence, in linguistic, the change in the form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case. English inflection indicates noun plural (cat-cats), noun case (girl, girl’s, girls’), third person singular present tense (I, you, we, they buy; he buys), past tense (we walk, we walked), aspect (I have called, I am calling), and comparatives (big, bigger, biggest). WHAT'S MORPHOLOGY? Grammatical processes of Derivation Derivation is the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it (e.g., “hope” to “hopeful”). It is a major source of new words in a language. Derived words can also be inflected: “singers” from “singer.” Affix, a grammatical element that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce derived or inflected forms. There are three main types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. WHAT'S MORPHOLOGY? Types of Affixes A prefix occurs at the beginning of a word or stem (sub-mit, pre- determine, un-willing); a suffix at the end (wonder-ful, depend-ent, act- ion); and an infix occurs in the middle. English has no infixes, but they are found in American Indian languages, Greek, Tagalog, and elsewhere. An example from Tagalog is the alteration of the form sulat, “a writing,” to the form sinulat, “that which was written,” through the addition of an infix, -in-. English inflectional suffixes are illustrated by the -s of “cats,” the -er of “longer,” and the -ed of “asked.” A circumfix consists of a prefix and a suffix that together produce a derived or inflected form, as in the English word enlighten. Properties of some derivational affixes in English -ation is added to a verb to give a noun finalize finalization
confirm confirmation un- is added to a verb to give a verb tie untie
wind unwind un- is added to an adjective to give an adjective happy unhappy
wise unwise -al is added to a noun to give an adjective institution institutional
universe universal -ize is added to an adjective to give a verb concrete concretize
solar solarize WHAT IS A MORPHEMES? Morphemes is the building blocks of morphology. It is the minimal unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning (lexical meaning or grammatical function). Morphemes are the smallest meaning-bearing units of language. It may be a word, like “place” or “an,” or an element of a word, like re- and -ed in “reappeared.” WHAT IS A MORPHEMES? A morpheme is a meaningful unit in English morphology. The basic function of a morpheme is to give meaning to a word. It may or may not stand alone. When it stands alone, it is thought to be a root. However, when it depends upon other morphemes to complete an idea, then it becomes an affix and plays a grammatical function. Besides, inflectional and derivational morphemes can transform meanings and functions of the words respectively adding richness and beauty to a text. WHAT IS A MORPHEMES? Variants of a morpheme are called allormorph (An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments); the ending -s, indicating plural in “cats,” “dogs,” the -es in “dishes,” and the -en of “oxen” are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme. The word “talked” is represented by two morphemes, “talk” and the past-tense morpheme, here indicated by -ed. WHAT IS A ALLOMORPH? There are several kinds of allomorphy. One is pure allomorphy, where the allomorphs are just arbitrary. Other, more extreme cases of allomorphy are called suppletion, where two forms related by a morphological rule cannot be explained as being related on a phonological basis: for example, the past of go is went, which is a suppletive form. WHAT IS A ALLOMORPH?
On the other hand, other kinds of allomorphy are due to the
interaction between morphology and phonology. Phonological rules constrain which sounds can appear next to each other in a language, and morphological rules, when applied blindly, would often violate phonological rules, by resulting in sound sequences that are prohibited in the language in question. WHAT IS A ALLOMORPH? For example, to form the plural of dish by simply appending an -s to the end of the word would result in the form *[dɪʃs], which is not permitted by the phonotactics of English. In order to "rescue" the word, a vowel sound is inserted between the root and the plural marker, and [dɪʃəz] results. This is an example of vowel epenthesis in English. Similar rules apply to the pronunciation of the -s in dogs and cats: it depends on the quality (voiced vs. unvoiced) of the final preceding phoneme.
The study of allomorphy that results from the interaction of
morphology and phonology is called morphophonology. WHAT IS A MORPHEMES? Non distinctive realizations of a particular morpheme that have the same function and are phonetically similar. For example, the English plural morpheme can appear as [s] as in cats, [z] as in dogs, or ['z] as in churches. Each of these three pronunciations is said to be an allomorph of the same morpheme. [-s] as in 'hats'
[-z] as in 'dogs’
[«z] as in ‘churches’ WHAT IS A MORPHEMES?
A morpheme: • may be represented by a single sound - “a” in “amoral” • may be represented by a single syllable - “child” + “ish” • may be represented by more than one syllable 2 syllables: (camel ,lady , water) 3 syllables: (crocodile) 4 syllables: (elevator) WHAT IS A MORPHEMES? Types of morphemes:
Bound Morphemes: cannot occur on their own, e.g. de- in detoxify, -tion in creation, -s in dogs, cran- in cranberry. It is a morpheme that cannot stand by itself to form a word; it must be joined to other morphemes It is bound because although it has meaning, it cannot stand alone. Examples : -ish, -ness, –ly, dis-, trans- Free morpheme : bad Bound morpheme : ly Word : badly WHAT IS A MORPHEMES? Free Morphemes : is a morpheme that by itself can function as a word in a language. They are words in themselves. Examples : Boy , desire , gentle , man. CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE OF WORDS The constituent morphemes of a word can be organized into a branching or hierarchical structure, sometimes called a tree structure. Consider the word unusable. It contains three morphemes: 1.prefix "un-" 2.verb stem "use" 3.suffix "-able" CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE OF WORDS
Unlockable WHAT IS A WORD?
Word is considered as Smallest independent units of
language.
Independent: •do not depend on other words. •can be separated from other units •can change position. WHAT IS A WORD? •SIMPLE WORDS: Don’t have internal structure (only consist of one morpheme) eg work, build, run. They can’t be split into smaller parts which carry meaning or function.
•COMPLEX WORDS: Have internal structure (consist of two
or more morphemes) eg worker: affix -er added to the root work to form a noun. WHAT IS A WORD? The different types of words are variously called parts of speech, word classes, or lexical categories. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language gives this list of 8 for English:
