Object Oriented Programming

19CSE (2nd Semester)

Chapter#04: Methods in Java

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 Outline
 Introduction to Methods
 What is a method?
 Advantages of using methods
 Types of Java methods
Standard Java methods
User defined methods
 User Defined methods
 Method definition
 Method calling/invoking
 Various example java programs
With return values
Without return values
With parameters
Without parameters
 Overloaded methods (method overloading)
 Scope of a variable
 Passing arguments to methods
 Pass by value
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 Pass by reference
 Introduction to Methods
What is a method?
 A Java method is similar to function in C/C++.
 It is a collection of statements that are grouped together to
perform an operation.
 In Java, every method must be part of some class which is
different from languages like C, C++, and Python.
Advantages:
 Methods allow us to reuse the code without retyping the code.
 Methods are time savers and help us to reuse the code
without retyping the code.
 The methods also enable polymorphism
 Methods can be overloaded or over ridden .
 Methods allow recursion and it acts as a loop
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 Introduction to Methods
Types of Java methods
Depending on whether a method is defined by the user, or available in the
standard library, there are two types of methods in Java:
Standard Library Methods
User-defined Methods
Standard Library Methods
The standard library methods are built-in methods in Java that are readily
available for use.
These standard libraries come along with the Java Class Library (JCL) in a Java
archive (*.jar) file with JVM and JRE.
Examples:
sqrt() is a method of Math class. It returns the square root of a number.
Println methods is a method of System class. This method display data on dos
console.
User defined Methods
We can also create methods of our own choice to perform some task. Such
methods are called user-defined methods.
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 Introduction to Methods
Standard Library Methods
Standard Math Class in Java
 The java.lang.Math class contains methods for performing
basic numeric operations such as the elementary
exponential, logarithm, square root, and trigonometric
functions.
 Following are the fields for java.lang.Math class
 static double E − This is the double value that is closer than any
other to e, the base of the natural logarithms.
 static double PI − This is the double value that is closer than any
other to pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter.
No import statement is needed when using any
method of this class. 5
Introduction to Methods

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Introduction to Methods

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 User define methods
 User define methods:
1)Define a method or method defination
2)Method calling/invoking
1) Define a method
 In general, a method has the following syntax:
modifier static returnType methodName(list of parameters)
{
// Method body;
}
 A method definition consists of a method header and a method
body. Here are all the parts of a method:

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Modifier:
User define methods
 Defines access type of the method i.e. from where it can be accessed in
your application. In Java, there 4 type of the access specifiers.
 public: accessible in all classes in your application.
 protected: accessible within the class in which it is defined and in
its subclass(es)
 private: accessible only within the class in which it is defined.
 default:(declared/defined without using any modifier) : accessible
within same class and package within which its class is defined.
static 
 If we use the static keyword, it can be accessed without creating objects.
returnType 
 It specifies what type of value a method returns.
 For example if a method has  int return type then it returns an integer
value.
 Some methods perform the desired operations without returning a value.
In this case, the returnValueType is the keyword void. 9
 User define methods
methodName 
 It is an identifier that is used to refer to the particular method in a
program.
Parameters list (arguments)
 These are values passed to a method. We can pass any number of
arguments to a method.
 The parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the
parameters of a method.
 Parameters are optional; that is, a method may contain no
parameters.
 The method name and the parameter list together constitute
the method signature.
Method Body
 The method body contains a collection of statements that define
what the method does. 10
 User define methods
2) Method calling/invoking
 To use a method, you have to call or invoke it.
 When a program calls a method, program control is transferred to the
called method.
 A called method returns control to the caller when its return statement is
executed or when its method‐ending closing brace is reached.
 There are two ways to call a method; the choice is based on whether the
method returns a value or not.
 If the method returns a value, a call to the method is usually treated as a
value.
For example: int larger = max(30, 40);
 or you can use output statement to display that returned vale
 If the method returns void, a call to the method must be a statement.
 For example, the method println returns void. The following call is a
statement:
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
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 User define methods
What happens when a method is called/invoked?

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 User define methods
2) Method calling/invoking
 To use a method, you have to call or invoke it.
 When a program calls a method, program control is transferred to the called
method.
 A called method returns control to the caller when its return statement is
executed or when its method‐ending closing brace is reached.
 There are two ways to call a method; the choice is based on whether the
method returns a value or not.
 If the method returns a value, a call to the method is usually treated as a value.
For example: int larger = max(30, 40);
 or you can use output statement to display that returned vale
 If the method returns void, a call to the method must be a statement.
 For example, the method println returns void. The following call is a
statement:
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");

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 Example Java Programs
Various example java programs
With return values
Without return values
With parameters
Without parameters
Write the java programs for the following by creating functions
To perform sum of two numbers by creating function sum. Discuss
various possibilities of function sum.
To calculate ab where a is the base and b is power.
Selection sort algorithm
Linear and binary searching using functions.
To display a line of characters ch whose length is N
Simple calculator program using function
Temperature conversion program using function
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 Example Programs
Java program to calculate power of a base by creating method power().
public class CalcPowerMethod
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("3 power 4="+power(3,4));
System.out.println("2 power 3="+power(2,3));
System.out.println("2.3 power 3="+power(2.3,3));
System.out.println("5 power 2="+power(5,2));
}
public static double power(double base,int pow)
{
double res=1.0;
for(int i=0;i<pow;i++)
res*=base;
return res;
}
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}
 Example Programs
Temperature conversion program using methods to convert the Fahrenheit temperature to Celsius and vise versa.
The conersion Formulas:
import java.util.Scanner;
public class C2FOrF2C
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
double f,c;
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Choose type of conversion \n 1.Fahrenheit to Celsius \n 2.Celsius to Fahrenheit");
int ch=sc.nextInt();
switch(ch)
{
case 1: System.out.println("Enter Fahrenheit temperature");
f=sc.nextDouble();
c=celsius(f);
System.out.println("Celsius temperature is = "+c);
break;
case 2: System.out.println("Enter Celsius temperature");
c=sc.nextDouble();
f=fahrenheit(c);
System.out.println("Fahrenheit temperature is = "+f);
break;
default: System.out.println("please choose valid choice");
}
}
} 16
public class SelectionSort // java program to sort elements
{
public static void main(String []args)
{
int numarray[]={9,23,16,78,5,10,56};
int N=numarray.length;
System.out.println("the original un-sorted list is");
for(int i=0;i<N;i++)
System.out.print(" "+numarray[i]); public static int maxNumLoc(int list[],int start)
{
for(int i=0;i<N-1;i++)
int mx=list[start];
{ int loc=start;
int loc=maxNumLoc(numarray,i); for(int k=start+1;k<list.length;k++)
int temp=numarray[loc]; {
if(mx>list[k])
numarray[loc]=numarray[i]; {
numarray[i]=temp; mx=list[k];
} loc=k;
}
System.out.println("\nthe sorted list is"); }
for(int i=0;i<N;i++) return loc; // end of method body
System.out.print(" "+numarray[i]); } // end of class body
}
 Method overloading
 Two for more methods that have the same name but different parameter lists
within one class.
 These methods differ from each other in terms of:
 Number of arguments
 Type of arguments
 Order of arguments
 The Java compiler determines which method is used based on the method
signature.
 This is decided at the time of compilation. This is called static polymorphism
 Overloading methods can make programs clearer and more readable.
 Methods that perform closely related tasks should be given the same name.
 Overloaded methods must have different parameter lists.
 You cannot overload methods based on different modifiers or return types.
 Sometimes there are two or more possible matches for an invocation of a
method due to similar method signature, so the compiler cannot determine
the most specific match. This is referred to as ambiguous invocation.
 Method overloading
 The methods enable polymorphism
 There are two types of polymorphism in java:
 Static Polymorphism also known as compile time polymorphism
 Dynamic Polymorphism also known as runtime polymorphism
Compile time Polymorphism (or Static polymorphism)
 Polymorphism that is resolved during compiler time is known as static
polymorphism. Method overloading is an example of compile time
polymorphism.
 Static Polymorphism is also known as compile time binding or early
binding.
Runtime Polymorphism (or Dynamic polymorphism)
 It is also known as Dynamic Method Dispatch. Dynamic polymorphism
is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at
runtime, that's why it is called runtime polymorphism.
 Dynamic Polymorphism is also known as run time binding or late
binding.
 Method overloading
Example Program#01
public class OverloadSum
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println(“the sum two integer numbers is of 20 and 30 is ”+sum(20,30));
System.out.println(“the sum thre integer numbers is of 40,50 and 60 is”+sum(40,50,60));
}
Public int sum(int n1,int n2)
{
return n1+n2;
}
Public int sum(int n1,int n2,int n3)
{
return n1+n2+n3;
}
}
 Method
Example Program#02
overloading public static void show(char type,int n)
public class OverloadShow {
{ for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
System.out.print(type);
public static void main(String[] args)
System.out.println();
{ }
show(); public static void show(char type)
System.out.println("Object Oriented Programming"); {
show('*',40); for(int i=0;i<50;i++)
System.out.println("Batch: 19CS"); System.out.print(type);
System.out.println();
show('*',40);
}
System.out.println("2nd Semester 1st year"); public static void show(int n)
show('='); {
System.out.println("Subject Teacher: FAM"); for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
show(30); System.out.print('-');
show(); System.out.println();
}
} // end of main method
public static void show()
{
for(int i=0;i<50;i++)
System.out.print('-');
System.out.println();
}
} // end of class body
 Scope of variable
 The scope of a variable is the part of the program where the variable can be referenced.
 A variable defined inside a method is referred to as a local variable.
 The scope of a local variable starts from its declaration and continues to the end of the
block that contains the variable.
 A local variable must be declared before it can be used.
 A parameter is actually a local variable. The scope of a method parameter covers the
entire method.
 A variable declared in the initial action part of a for loop header has its scope in the
entire loop.
 But a variable declared inside a for loop body has its scope limited in the loop body
from its declaration to the end of the block that contains the variable as shown below:

 You can declare a local variable with the same name multiple times in different non‐
nesting blocks in a method, but you cannot declare a local variable twice in nested
blocks.
 Passing arguments to methods
Passing arguments to methods
 Pass by value
 Pass by reference
Pass by Value
 When you invoke a method with a parameter, the value of the argument is passed to
the parameter. This is referred to as pass‐by‐value.
 If the argument is a variable rather than a literal value, the value of the variable is
passed to the parameter.
 The variable is not affected, regardless of the changes made to the parameter inside the
method.
 In fact, when passing arguments by value, a local copy of arguments are created.
 If values of parameters are changed inside the method, it means that only local copies
of arguments are changed; original arguments stay unchanged.
Pass by reference
 Java is always a pass by value; but, there are a few ways to achieve pass by reference:
 Making a public member variable in a class
 Return a value and update it
 Create a single element array
 Passing arguments to methods
Example#01: Passing arguments by value (swapping two integer numbers)
public class SwapPassValue
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num1=20, num2=30;
System.out.println("Before swapping num1="+num1+"and num2="+num2);
swap(num1,num2);
System.out.println("After swapping num1="+num1+"and num2="+num2);
}

public static void swap(int n1,int n2)

{
output
int temp=n1; Before swapping num1=20and num2=30
n1=n2; After swapping num1=20and num2=30
n2=temp;
Before and after swapping the numbers remain same
} because we pass arguments by value: (the original
} arguments of calling functions remain same. Copy is
created and sent tot function.
 Passing arguments to methods
Example#02: Passing arguments by reference (swapping two integer numbers)
public class SwapPassReference
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num[]={20,30};
System.out.println("Before swapping num1="+num[0]+"and num2="+num[1]);
swap(num);
System.out.println("After swapping num1="+num[0]+"and num2="+num[1]);
}

public static void swap(int n[])

{
output
int temp=n[0]; Before swapping num1=20and num2=30
n[0]=n[1]; After swapping num1=20and num2=30
n[1]=temp;
After swapping the numbers have been interchanged
} i.e num1=num2 & num2=num1 because we pass
} arguments by reference. One of the way to pass
arguments by reference in java is by means of single
dimensional array.