Measure of Logistic

Measure of Logistic
Quantitative measure of logistic
Commonly used quantitative factors in development of

and evaluation of a logistic support capability of a system
are:
Reliability factor
Maintainability factor
supply support factor
test and support equipment factor
organizational factor
facility and transportation factor
availability factor
economic factor
effectiveness factors
Reliability
The probability that the system will perform in satisfactory

manner for a given period of time when used under specified
operating condition.
As a quantitative expression representing a fraction or a percentage.
Reliability function. R(t)
R(t) = e-t/M = e-λt
Where M = MTBF (mean time between failure)

t = time of interest
λ = instantaneous failure rate
Failure Rate
Failure occurs in a specified time interval is called Failure

Rate, λ
λ = number of failures / total operating hours
failure rate can be express as failures per hours, failure

per 1000 hours or failure per million hours.
Example
Failed
Component After
No.1 75 hours
2 125
3 130
4 325
5 525
Total of 5 failures
If the total operating time was 3,805 then failure

per hour is
λ = 5/3805 = 0.00131406
Example No. 2
2.1 7.1 4.2 1.8 3.5 8.3

20.2 6.1 24.4 35.3 5.3 46.7 4
operating time
downtime
system operating
cycle
Total downtime 27
Number of failure 6
Total mission time 142
λ 0.042253521
MTBF 23.6666667hours
Reliability component relationship
Series Network If any of the

component
A B C either A or B or C
fails, the system
fails.
System reliability is
Reliability (R) = RA x RB x RC
If reliability A is 0.8521
B is 0.9712
C is 0.9357
Overall reliability is (0.8521)x(0.9712) x (0.9357) =
0.7743
If a series system comprises of four sub-system and expected to operate for 1000
hours
Subsystem MTBF Failure rate λ

A 6000 0.00016667

B 4500 0.00022222

C 10500 9.5238E-05

D 3200 0.0003125

t = 1000 hrs
Total failure for the system is λ 0.0007966
1000 x total failure 0.796627

Overall system reliability is Rt = e-λt 0.4508471
Parallel Network
In parallel network, all component must fail for the system to fail.
Overall reliability for above network is R
R = RA + RB - (RA)(RB)
A
input B Output
For above network total reliability is R = 1 – (1-RA)(1-RB)(1-RC)

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure
Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Failure Modes,
Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) are methodologies
designed
to identify potential failure modes for a product or

process,
to assess the risk associated with those failure modes,
to rank the issues in terms of importance and
to identify and carry out corrective actions
to address the most serious concerns.

FMEA / FMECA requires the identification of the following basic information:
Item(s)
Function(s)
Failure(s)
Effect(s) of Failure
Cause(s) of Failure
Current Control(s)
Recommended Action(s)
Plus other relevant details
FMECA is the most widely used reliability analysis technique in the initial stages of product/system development
FMECA is usually performed during the conceptual and initial design phases of the system in order to assure that all
potential failure modes have been considered and the proper provision have been made to eliminate these failures
What can FMECA be used for?
(Marvin Rausand, October 7, 2005

System Reliability Theory (2nd ed), Wiley, 2004 – 6 / 46)
Assist in selecting design alternatives with high reliability and high safety
potential during the early design phases
Ensure that all conceivable failure modes and their effects on operational
success of the system have been considered
List potential failures and identify the severity of their effects
Develop early criteria for test planning and requirements for test equipment
Provide historical documentation for future reference to aid in analysis of

field
failures and consideration of design changes
Provide a basis for maintenance planning
Provide a basis for quantitative reliability and availability analyses

FMECA basic questions
How can each part conceivably fail?
What mechanisms might produce these modes of failure?
What could the effects be if the failures did occur?
Is the failure in the safe or unsafe direction?
How is the failure detected?
What inherent provisions are provided in the design to

compensate for the failure
Other Key application of FMECA
Identify failures that have undesirable or significant

effects; to determine the failure modes that may
seriously affect the expected or required quality.
Identify safety hazard and liability problem areas,

or non-compliance with regulations.
Focus development testing on areas of greatest

need.
Maintainability
Maintenance
Maintenance constitutes the act of diagnosing and repairing or

preventing system failures
Two categories of maintenance
Corrective maintenance – unscheduled actions accomplished

as results of failure, to restore a system to a specified level
performance
Preventive maintenance – scheduled actions accomplished to

retain s a system at specified level of performance by providing
systematic inspection, detection, servicing, condition monitoring
and /or replacement to prevent impending failures
Maintainability
The probability that a failed item can be repaired

in a specified amount of time using a specified set
of resources
(Ref: Integrated Logistic Support Handbook by James V. Jones)
Techniques used in design to make it easier

to maintain a system
Maintainability is an inherent design characteristic dealing

with accuracy, safety, and economy in the performance of
maintenance functions.
Maintainability is a measure of the ease and rapidly with which

a system can be maintained and is measured in terms of the time
required to perform maintenance tasks
Maintainability
Techniques used in design to make it easier

to maintain a system
Some of the techniques used are:
Accessibility
Interchangeability
Standardization
Identification and labeling
Testability
Built-in -test capability
Diagnostics
Modularization
Human Factors engineering
Safety engineering
Maintainability is an inherent design characteristic
dealing with accuracy, safety, and economy in the
performance of maintenance functions.
Commonly used measures for maintainability
a. Maintenance elapsed-time
b. Maintenance labor hour
c. Maintenance frequency
d. Maintenance cost
Maintenance Elapse-time
Mean corrective maintenance time

Mean preventive maintenance time
Median active corrective maintenance time
Mean active maintenance time
Maximum active corrective maintenance time
Logistic delay time
Administrative delay time
Maintenance downtime
Preparation Location
Disassembly
detection for and
(access)
maintenance isolation
Repair of OR
equipment
Alignment Installation of Removal

And reassembly spare/repair of faulty
adjustment part item
Condition
verification Corrective maintenance cycle
Mean corrective maintenance time (Mct) or
mean time to repair
Is an arithmetic average of individual maintenance cycle times.
Mct = Σ Mcti / n
Where Mcti = individual Mct (or time for each maintenance

action)
n = number of sample size
Or
Mct = Σ (λi)(Mcti) / Σλi
Where λi = failure rate of individual (ith) element of item

being measured.
Mean preventive maintenance time (Mpt)
Is the mean elapsed time to perform preventive

maintenance
on an item
Mpt = Σ (fpti)(Mpti / Σ (fpti)
Where
fpti = frequency of individual (ith) preventive
maintenance action in actions per system operating hours.
Mpti = elapsed time required for ith preventive
maintenance action.
Availability
A measure of system readiness.
Three commonly used figures of merit (FOM).
Inherent Availability (Ai)

Achieved Availability (Aa)
Operational Availability (Ao)
Inherent Availability (Ai)
Ai = MTBF/(MTBF + Mct)
MTBF - Mean Time Between Failure
Mct - Mean corrective maintenance time

Achived Availability (Aa)
Aa = MTBM/(MTBM + M)
MTBM - Mean Time Between Failure
M - Mean active maintenance time
MTBM and M are a function of corrective

and preventive maintenance actions and times
Operational Availability (Ao)
Ao = MTBM/(MTBM + MDT)
MTBM - Mean Time Between Failure
MDT - Mean maintenance down time

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Measure of Logistic

Quantitative measure of logistic

Commonly used quantitative factors in development of

The probability that the system will perform in satisfactory

As a quantitative expression representing a fraction or a percentage.

Reliability function. R(t)

R(t) = e-t/M = e-λt

Where M = MTBF (mean time between failure)

Failure occurs in a specified time interval is called Failure

λ = number of failures / total operating hours

failure rate can be express as failures per hours, failure

If the total operating time was 3,805 then failure

2.1 7.1 4.2 1.8 3.5 8.3

20.2 6.1 24.4 35.3 5.3 46.7 4

Total mission time 142

Series Network If any of the

Subsystem MTBF Failure rate λ

1000 x total failure 0.796627

Overall reliability for above network is R

For above network total reliability is R = 1 – (1-RA)(1-RB)(1-RC)

to identify potential failure modes for a product or

to assess the risk associated with those failure modes,

to rank the issues in terms of importance and

to identify and carry out corrective actions

to address the most serious concerns.

(Marvin Rausand, October 7, 2005

List potential failures and identify the severity of their effects

Provide historical documentation for future reference to aid in analysis of

Provide a basis for maintenance planning

Provide a basis for quantitative reliability and availability analyses

How can each part conceivably fail?

What mechanisms might produce these modes of failure?

What could the effects be if the failures did occur?

Is the failure in the safe or unsafe direction?

How is the failure detected?

What inherent provisions are provided in the design to

Identify failures that have undesirable or significant

Identify safety hazard and liability problem areas,

Focus development testing on areas of greatest

Maintenance constitutes the act of diagnosing and repairing or

Two categories of maintenance

Corrective maintenance – unscheduled actions accomplished

Preventive maintenance – scheduled actions accomplished to

The probability that a failed item can be repaired

(Ref: Integrated Logistic Support Handbook by James V. Jones)

Techniques used in design to make it easier

Maintainability is an inherent design characteristic dealing

Maintainability is a measure of the ease and rapidly with which

Techniques used in design to make it easier

Some of the techniques used are:

Commonly used measures for maintainability

Mean corrective maintenance time

Alignment Installation of Removal

Is an arithmetic average of individual maintenance cycle times.

Where Mcti = individual Mct (or time for each maintenance

Mct = Σ (λi)(Mcti) / Σλi

Where λi = failure rate of individual (ith) element of item

Is the mean elapsed time to perform preventive

Mpt = Σ (fpti)(Mpti / Σ (fpti)

Three commonly used figures of merit (FOM).