SHRI K.J.

POLYTECHNIC BHARUCH
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR CRITICAL UNSIGNALIZE
INTERSECTION
Name Enrollment no
JYOTI SHARMA 206450306062
AKRAM KHAN 206450306064
MARUTISINH RAJ 206450306065
ROSHNI KASHYAP 206450306067
HARSH SINDHA 206450306068
 INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERTURE REVIEW
3. THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY
4. DETAILS OF CASE STUDY
5. FUTURE SCOPE
6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCE
 INTRODUCTION
Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many modern cities around the world. Traffic
congestion has been causing many critical problems and challenges in the major and
most populated cities.

To travel to different places within the city is becoming more difficult for the travelers
in traffic. Due to these congestion problems, people lose time, miss opportunities, and get
frustrated.

Due to traffic congestions there is a loss in productivity from workers, trade

opportunities are lost, delivery gets delayed, and thereby the costs goes on increasing. To
solve these congestion problems, we have to build new facilities and infrastructure but at
the same time make it smart.
 LITERTURE REVIEW
A study of problems and possible solutions for better pune traffic management, prof. S.
T. Patil, prof. Shital patil & prof. Prakash singh asm’s chinchwad, pune (india);
chinchwad, pune, india.
The cause, effect and possible solution to traffic congestion on nigeria road (a case study
of basorun-akobo road, oyo state) s. B. Raheem, W.A. Olawoore, D. P. Olagunju & E. M.
Adeokun. Department of civil engineering, the polytechnic, ibadan. Nigeria.
Solution for reduction of traffic congestion: a case study of thaltej rotary intersection.
Mira patel, department of civil engineering, L.D. College of engineering, ahmedabad,
gujarat, india.
Traffic congestion - causes and solutions: a study of talegaon dabhade city shekhar k.
Rahane, prof. U. R saharkar student in civil engineering (construction and management),
dr. D. Y. Patil institute of engineering and technology ambi, university of pune,
maharashtra, india.
 THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF TRAFFIC
VOLUME STUDY
 THE OBJECTS AND USES OF TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES.
 PRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA.
 TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT.
 MANUAL COUNTING .
ADVANTAGES:
a. SIMPLICITY AND QUICKNESS.
b. FLEXIBILITY AND NO REQUIREMENT OF SETTING UP OF EQUIPMENT AT SITE OR SPECIAL SKILL.
c. POSSIBILITY TO HAVE TRAFFIC CLASSIFICATION BY VEHICLE TO BE CHEAP FOR SHORT AND
SPECIFIC PURPOSE COUNTS.

DISADVANTAGES:
a. EXPANSIVE FOR LONG COUNTING DURATIONS ESPECIALLY IN ODD HOURS.
b. NOT SUITABLE IN BAD WEATHER.
c. DEPENDABLE ON CAPACITY AND ACCURACY OF THE OBSERVER.
Mechanical method
A mechanical counter consist of two elements a detector and a counter. Fixed or
permanent counters are employed, for continuous count, by hours of the day, day of week,
months of year to year. For detecting or sensing the vehicle, these counters have any of the
following devices.

Electric contact device

This consists of sub-surface detector, which provides for a positive electrical contact for
each vehicle axel crossing it. A steel base plate over which a mounded and vulcanized
rubber pad holds suspended a strip of spring steel. Electric contacts are installed in each
lane.

Photo electric device

Detection in accomplished by the vehicle passing between a source of light and a photo
cell. The equipment is mounted above the road surface.
Radar device
Detection is done by continuously comparing the frequency of a transmitted radio single
with the frequency of the reflected signal. When the moving vehicle intercepts the signal,
a frequency difference occurs. The unit is normally mounted above the center of the lane
or lanes, for which detection is desired
Ultra sonic device
This is similar in its operation of radar unit. A beam crosses the road and is broken by the
passage of a vehicle.
Magnetic device
Detection is done by the signal or impulse, caused by a moving vehicle and disturbing a
magnetic field. The unit is installed in each lane immediately below the road surface. It is
more durable but more expansive then pneumatic detector.

 Pneumatic detector
In this device, which is most popular, the wheel of vehicle, crossing a tube, set up an
impulse in the tube. It consist of thick walled rubber tube about10-12mm diameter with
three mm thick wall which is fixed to the road by means of tough canvas strap, nailed
across it at about one meter intervals. One end of the tube is connected to the counter and
the other is fitted with a plug incorporating a small air release hole, to avoid bounced
impulses. As a vehicle wheel crosses the tube it compress it, causing an air ‘shock- wave’
to travel along the tube, operating a simple ‘make and break’ circuit of the counter as
shown in fig.
 It is important that the tube should be clear of turning path of vehicle, to reduce the
multiple counts, due to single vehicle crossing a tube at an angle. A counter may be
non-recording type or the recording type. The non-recorded counter accumulates
the number of vehicles and must be read at regular intervals as desired. The
recording counter records the traffic volume passing each hour, by printing no. On
or by punching holes in a moving paper tape. These punched tapes can be
processed by a computer.
Advantages:
Can be used in all times.
If maintained properly, they are accurate
They are chip for long duration counting.

Disadvantages:
Costly installation not justified for sort counting period.
Skilled and trained operator is needed.
Classified counts cannot be made.
Costly equipment requires proper maintenance and safety.

Photographic method
This method involves the taking of continuous strip photographs, from an airplane, over the area to be
suited. Based on the principle of photogrammetric, mathematical relationships have be developed to
know the volume data, speed data and other traffic flow characteristics, from the photographs.
The time laps photography and the frame numbering device also gives the idea of traffic flow
characteristics, providing information’s on volume, spacing and speed.
MANUAL COUNT METHOD
MANUAL COUNT RECORDING METHODS
MANUAL COUNTS ARE RECORDED USING ONE OF THREE METHODS: TALLY
SHEETS, MECHANICAL COUNTING BOARDS, OR ELECTRONIC COUNTING
BOARDS. MANUAL COUNTS ARE RECORDED USING.
ELECTRONIC COUNTING BOARDS
ELECTRONIC COUNTING BOARDS ARE BATTERY-
OPERATED, HAND-HELD DEVICES USED IN
COLLECTING TRAFFIC COUNT DATA. THEY ARE
SIMILAR TO MECHANICAL COUNTING BOARDS,
BUT WITH SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES.
ELECTRONIC COUNTING BOARDS ARE LIGHTER,
MORE COMPACT, AND EASIER TO HANDLE. THEY
HAVE AN INTERNAL CLOCK THAT
AUTOMATICALLY SEPARATES THE DATA BY TIME
INTERVAL. SPECIAL FUNCTIONS INCLUDE
AUTOMATIC DATA REDUCTION AND SUMMARY.
THE DATA CAN ALSO BE DOWNLOADED TO A
COMPUTER, WHICH SAVES TIME. SEE FIGURE 3.2
FOR AN EXAMPLE ELECTRONIC COUNTING
BOARD.
MECHANICAL COUNTING BOARDS
MECHANICAL COUNT BOARDS CONSIST OF COUNTERS MOUNTED ON A
BOARD THAT RECORD EACH DIRECTION OF TRAVEL. COMMON COUNTS
INCLUDE PEDESTRIAN, BICYCLE, VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION, AND TRAFFIC
VOLUME COUNTS. TYPICAL COUNTERS ARE PUSH BUTTON DEVICES WITH
THREE TO FIVE REGISTERS. EACH BUTTON REPRESENTS A DIFFERENT
STRATIFICATION OF TYPE OF VEHICLE OR PEDESTRIAN BEING COUNTED.
THE LIMITED NUMBER OF BUTTONS ON THE COUNTER CAN RESTRICT THE
NUMBER OF CLASSIFICATIONS THAT CAN BE COUNTED ON A GIVEN BOARD.
A WATCH OR A STOPWATCH IS ALSO NECESSARY WITH THIS METHOD TO
MEASURE THE DESIRED COUNT INTERVAL. SEE FIGURE FOR AN EXAMPLE
MECHANICAL COUNTING BOARD.
PASSENGER CAR UNIT (PCU)
 DIFFERENT CLASSES OF VEHICLE SUCH AS CARS, VANS, BUSES,
TRUCKS, AUTO RICKSHAW, MOTOR CYCLE, PEDAL CYCLE, BULLOCK
CARTE ETC. ARE FOUND TO USE THE COMMON ROADWAY FACILITIES
WITHOUT SEGREGATION ON MOST OF THE ROADS IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES LIKE INDIA.
 THE FLOW OF WITHOUT MIXING OF DIFFERENT VEHICLE CLASSES ON
THE ROADWAY FORMS THE HETEROGENEOUS TRAFFIC FLOW OR THE
MIXING TRAFFIC FLOW. THE DIFFERENT VEHICLE CLASSES HAVE A WIDE
RANGE OF STATIC CHARACTERISTIC SUCH AS LENGTH WIDTH ETC. AND
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTIC SUCH AS SPEED ACCELERATION ETC. APART
FROM THESE THE DIVERT BEHAVIOR OF THE DIFFERENT VEHICLES
CLASSES IS ALSO FOUND TO VARY CONSIDERABLY.
 These for the mixed traffic consisting of passenger cars very much complex when
compared to homogeneous traffic consisting of passenger only. It is a rather difficult to
estimate the traffic volume and capacity are converted to one common standard vehicle
unit to convert the traffic flow, the classes are this unit is called passenger car as the
standard vehicle unit to convert the order vehicle classes and this unit called passenger car
unit or PCU.

 Thus in mixed traffic flow, the traffic volume and capacity are generally expressed as
pcu per unit hour or pcu /land/hour and the traffic density as pcu kilometer length of lane.
Factors affecting pcu value
The pcu values of different vehicle classes depend upon several some of these are listed
below;
Vehicle characteristics such as dimension power speed acceleration and braking
characteristics.
Transverse and longitudinal gaps or clearance between moving vehicle which depend
upon the speed driver characteristics and the vehicle classes at the adjoining spaces.
Regulation and control of traffic such as speed limit one way traffic presence of
different traffic control devices etc.
Environmental and climate condition.
There for the pcu value of a particular vehicle classes may not remain a constant value
as generally assumed. The important factor taken into account for a simple analysis of
PCU value of different vehicle classes.
Average length and width of the vehicle class.
Average speed of the vehicle classes under the prevailing roadways the vehicle
condition within the desired speed range.
Average transverse gap and longitudinal gap allowed between the vehicles of the
same class in the speed range under consideration, during compact stream flow.
Based on the above factors three different sets of PCU value been worked out for:
I. Urban road, mid block section signalized intersections.
II. Kerb parking.
lll. The indian roads congress has given set of tentative PCU values or equivalency
factors for rural road in even section of plain terrain and these are presented in
table. However the IRC has suggested the set same of tentative equivalency
factors for use on urban roads also.
Sr. Vehicle Class Equivalency Factors
No.
1 Passenger car, tempo, auto rickshaw, agricultural tractors 1.0

2 Bus, truck, agricultural tractors-trailer unit 3.0

3 Motor cycle, scooter and pedal cycle 0.5

4 Cycle rickshaw 1.5

5 Horse drawn vehicles 4.0

6 Small bullock cart and hand cart 6.0

7 Large bullock cart 8.0

 CASE STUDY
Traffic jams is a major problem at the intersection of bharuch city road. Due to
traffic jams, there is possibility of accidents because of poor traffic management.
The growth of any city along with all the infrastructure development, there is
increase in numbers of vehicles with the population.
Due to various industrial zones viz. Dahej SEZ, ankleshwar GIDC, panoli,
jhagadia and vilayat. The development of the city is very rapid in comparison to last
five years.
Due to fast economical growth there is more migrants from other states, cities and
villages in the bharuch, which leads more traffic problem due to increase in vehicles
in the city.
LOCATION OF CASE STUDY
MANUALLY COUNTING BY GROUP
 CONCLUSION
The improvement of town traffic condition is largely dependent on the modern ways of traffic
management and control.
Advanced traffic signal controllers and control system contribute to the improvement of the traffic
problem.
The object of the study is to develop the traffic management that can be used to give better traffic
conditions with safety and ease.
The data which is collected after manual survey traffic at jyoti nagar circle is of mixed nature
consisting 51.75% two wheeler, 15% three wheeler, 22.84% four wheeler, 0.0830%, bus, 0.166%
truck, 5% multi axel truck & other vehicles 1%.
Due to traffic jams, there is possibility of accidents because of poor traffic management. To
eliminate road accidents and to save precious human life it is essential to find proper solution for
traffic jams which is a global problem.
 The prime cause of traffic jams at jyoti nagar circle is embarking on various strategies such as
road capacity expansion, improved road infrastructures, restricting and application of fly over.
 FUTURE SCOPE
In next semester we will try to find out feasible solution for this issue
of traffic jam at jyoti nagar circle by considering various data’s &
observation.
 REFERENCE
1. Amudapuram mohan rao &kalaga ramachandran rao (2012) “measuring urban
traffic jams”, international journal for traffic & transport engg, 2(4) 286-305.
2. Todd alexander litman, (2010), “smart jams reductions- re-evaluating the role
of highway expansion for improving urban transportation”, vol 1, 1-21.
3. Robert cervero, (2003), “road expansion, urban growth & induced travel: A
path analysis”, journal of the american planning association, 69(2), 145-163.
4. Mdaftabuzzaman, graham currie (2011), “evaluating the jams relief impacts of
public transport in monetary terms”, journal of public transport, vol 13(1), 1-
24.
1. Haribandhu panda& RS pundir, “problems and possible solutions for better
trafficmanagement: A case study of vadodara- ahmadabad section of national highway
eight”, research paper 19, august 2002, institute of rural management, anand (IRMA).
2. Manuj darbari sanjay medhavi and abhay kumar srivastava, “development of effective
urban road traffic management using workflow techniques for upcoming metro cities
like lucknow (india) ”, international.
3. Shekhar K rahane, prof. U R seharkar ;( 2013) traffic congestion-causes & solutions:
4. A study of talegaon dabhde city, journal of information, knowledge & research in civil
engineering.
5. Www.Google.Com.
 THANKYO
U

Go slowly; someone is waiting for you at your home. Don’t drink and drive.
Always wear helmet and seat belt. This is your journey and it must be a happy
journey.”